Strategies for Fostering Interaction in Online Classrooms: A Conversation Analysis of Teacher-Student Verbal Interaction in Random Questioning in Pandemic-Initiated Online Teaching
Download PDF

Keywords

Online teaching
Teacher-student verbal interaction
Conversation analysis
“4Es” strategies

DOI

10.26689/jcer.v8i2.5863

Submitted : 2024-01-26
Accepted : 2024-02-10
Published : 2024-02-25

Abstract

This paper aims to explore how a veteran teacher organizes online teaching initiated by the pandemic and how she deals with the problems in online teacher-student verbal interaction. By analyzing a corpus of 20 audio-recorded online lessons between a math teacher and her students during the COVID-19 pandemic from April 11 to May 10, 2022, four interactional segments are selected as the focus of the study. The results of the conversation analysis of the segments showed that students’ modesty, lack of confidence, lack of ability, and network delay are the main factors affecting online teacher-student interaction. By encouraging students to answer questions, enlightening students to give answers, enriching students’ answers, and entertaining the teaching atmosphere (“4Es” strategies), the teacher solved the problems successfully. The findings from this study can provide pedagogical experience and implications for practical teaching.

References

Dhawan S, 2020, Online Learning: A Panacea in the Time of COVID-19 Crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 49(1): 5–22.

Atmojo AEP, Nugroho A, 2020, EFL Classes Must Go Online! Teaching Activities and Challenges During COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. Register Journal, 13(1): 49–76.

Johnson N, Veletsianos G, Seaman J, 2020, US Faculty and Administrators’ Experiences and Approaches in the Early Weeks of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Online Learning, 24(2): 6–21. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v24i2.2285

Means B, Neisler J, 2020, Suddenly Online: A National Survey of Undergraduates During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Digital Promise, San Mateo, CA. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12265/98

Bdair IA, 2021, Nursing Students’ and Faculty Members’ Perspectives About Online Learning During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 16(3): 220–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2021.02.008

Iglesias-Pradas S, Hernández-García Á, Chaparro-Peláez J, et al., 2021, Emergency Remote Teaching and Students’ Academic Performance in Higher Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study. Computers in Human Behavior, 2021(119): 106713. https://doi.org./10.1016/j.chb.2021.106713

Dam?a C, Langford M, Uehara D, et al., 2021, Teachers’ Agency and Online Education in Times of Crisis. Computers in Human Behavior, 2021(121): 106793.

König J, Jäger-Biela DJ, Glutsch N, 2020, Adapting to Online Teaching During COVID-19 School Closure: Teacher Education and Teacher Competence Effects Among Early Career Teachers in Germany. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(4): 608–622. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1809650

Rasheed RA, Kamsin A, Abdullah NA, 2020, Challenges in the Online Component of Blended Learning: A Systematic Review. Computers & Education, 2020(144): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103701

Rasmitadila R, Aliyyah RR, Rachmadtullah R, et al., 2020, The Perceptions of Primary School Teachers of Online Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic Period: A Case Study in Indonesia. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 7(2): 90–109. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/388

Kundu A, Bej T, 2021, COVID 19 response: An Analysis of Teachers’ Perception on Pedagogical Successes and Challenges of Digital Teaching Practice During New Normal. Education and Information Technologies, 26(6): 6879.

Mukhtar K, Javed K, Arooj M, et al., 2020, Advantages, Limitations and Recommendations for Online Learning During COVID-19 Pandemic Era. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020(36). https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2785

Oliveira G, Teixeira JG, Torres A, et al., 2021, An Exploratory Study on the Emergency Remote Education Experience of Higher Education Students and Teachers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(4): 1357–1376. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13112

Seckman C, 2019, Impact of Interactive Video Communication Versus Text-Based Feedback on Teaching, Social, and Cognitive Presence in Online Learning Communities. Nurse Educator, 43(1): 18-22.

Amir LR, Tanti I, Maharani DA, et al., 2020, Student Perspective of Classroom and Distance Learning During COVID-19 Pandemic in the Undergraduate Dental Study Program Universitas Indonesia. BMC Medical Education, 20(1): 392. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02312-0

Hussein E, Daoud S, Alrabaiah H, et al., 2020, Exploring Undergraduate Students’ Attitudes Towards Emergency Online Learning During COVID-19: A Case from the UAE. Children and Youth Services Review, 2020(119): 105699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105699

Lorenza L, Carter D, 2021, Emergency Online Teaching During COVID-19: A Case Study of Australian Tertiary Students in Teacher Education and Creative Arts. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 2021(2): 100057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100057

Shim TE, Lee SY, 2020, College Students’ Experience of Emergency Remote Teaching Due to COVID-19. Children and Youth Services Review, 2020(119): 105578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105578

Mok KH, Xiong W, Aedy Rahman HN, 2021, COVID-19 Pandemic’s Disruption on University Teaching and Learning and Competence Cultivation: Student Evaluation of Online Learning Experiences in Hong Kong. International Journal of Chinese Education, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/22125868211007011

Aboagye E, Yawson JA, Appiah KN, 2020, COVID-19 and E-Learning: The Challenges of Students in Tertiary Institutions. Social Education Research, 2(1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.37256/ser.212021422

Anderson T, 2003, Modes of Interaction in Distance Education: Recent Developments and Research Questions, Moore MG, Anderson WG, (eds), Handbook of Distance Education, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, New Jersey, 129–144.

Anderson T, Garrison DR, 1998, Learning in a Networked World: New Roles and Responsibilities, Gibson CC (ed), Distance Learners in Higher Education: Institutional Responses for Quality Outcomes, Atwood Publishing, Madison, WI, 129–144.

Moore MG, 1989, Three Types of Interaction. American Journal of Distance Education, 3(2): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923648909526659

Hawkins A, Graham C, Sudweeks R, et al., 2013, Academic Performance, Course Completion Rates, and Student Perception of the Quality and Frequency of Interaction in a Virtual High School. Distance Education, 34(1): 64–83. http://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2013.770430

Cole MT, Shelley DJ, Swartz LB, 2014, Online Instruction, E-Learning, and Student Satisfaction: A Three Year Study. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 15(6): 111–131.

Harsch C, Müller-Karabil A, Buchminskaia E, 2021, Addressing the Challenges of Interaction in Online Language Courses. System, 2021(103): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2021.102673

Taghizadeh M, Ejtehadi A, 2021, Investigating Pre-Service EFL Teachers’ and Teacher Educators’ Experience and Attitudes Towards Online Interaction Tools. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 36(8): 1633–1667. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2021.2011322

Taghizadeh M, Hasani Yourdshahi Z, 2020, Integrating Technology into Young Learners’ Classes: Language Teachers’ Perceptions. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 33(8): 982–1006. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2019.1618876

Downing JJ, Dyment JE, 2013, Teacher Educators’ Readiness, Preparation, and Perceptions of Preparing Preservice Teachers in a Fully Online Environment: An Exploratory Study. The Teacher Educator, 48(2): 96–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/08878730.2012.760023

Gao LX, Zhang LJ, 2020, Teacher Learning in Difficult Times: Examining Foreign Language Teachers’ Cognitions About Online Teaching to Tide Over COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 2020(11): 2396. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.549653

Subekti AS, 2021, Covid-19-Triggered Online Learning Implementation: Pre-Service English Teachers’ Beliefs. Metathesis: Journal of English Language, Literature, and Teaching, 4(3): 232–248. https://doi.org/10.31002/metathesis.v4i3.2591

Pulham E, Graham C, Short C, 2018, Generic vs. Modality-Specific Competencies for K-12 Online and Blended Teaching. Journal of Online Learning Research, 4(1): 33–52. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/182168

Corno L, 2008, On Teaching Adaptively. Educational Psychologist, 43(3): 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520802178466

Machts N, Kaiser J, Schmidt FTC, et al., 2016, Accuracy of Teachers’ Judgments of Students’ Cognitive Abilities: A Meta-Analysis. Educational Research Review, 2016(19): 85–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2016.06.003

Praetorius AK, Berner VD, Zeinz H, et al., 2013, Judgment Confidence and Judgment Accuracy of Teachers in Judging Self-Concepts of Students. The Journal of Educational Research, 106(1): 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2012.667010

Seidel T, Shavelson RJ, 2007, Teaching Effectiveness Research in the Past Decade: The Role of Theory and Research Design in Disentangling Meta-Analysis Results. Review of Educational Research, 77(4): 454–499. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654307310317

McGee P, Windes D, Torres M, 2017, Experienced Online Instructors: Beliefs and Preferred Supports Regarding Online Teaching. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 29(2): 331–352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-017-9140-6

Chi MTH, 2009, Active-Constructive-Interactive: A Conceptual Framework for Differentiating Learning Activities. Topics in Cognitive Science, 1(1): 73–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2008.01005.x

Pehmer AK, Groschner A, Seidel T, 2015, Fostering and Scaffolding Student Engagement in Productive Classroom Discourse: Teachers’ Practice Changes and Reflections in Light of Teacher Professional Development. Learning, Culture and Social Interaction, 2015(7): 12–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lcsi.2015.05.001

Resnick LB, Michaels S, O’Connor C, 2010, How (Well-Structured) Talk Builds the Mind, Preiss D, Sternberg RJ, (eds), Innovations in Educational Psychology: Perspectives on Learning, Teaching, and Human Development, Springer Pub, New York, 163–194.

Turner JC, Meyer DK, Midgley C, et al., 2003, Teacher Discourse and Sixth Graders’ Reported Affect and Achievement Behaviors in Two High-Mastery/High-Performance Mathematics Classrooms. The Elementary School Journal, 103(4): 359–382.

Webb NM, Franke ML, Ing M, et al., 2014, Engaging with Others’ Mathematical Ideas: Interrelationships Among Student Participation, Teachers’ Instructional Practices, and Learning. International Journal of Educational Research, 2014(63): 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2013.02.001

Hutchby I, Wooffitt R, 2008, Conversation Analysis, Polity Press, Cambridge.

Wu RJR, 2011, A Conversation Analysis of Self-Praising in Everyday Mandarin Interaction. Journal of Pragmatics, 2011(43): 3152–3176.