Double Reduction in China: Demand-Supply Mismatch, On-Campus Substitution, and Policy Rebalancing
Abstract
This review takes stock of China’s Double Reduction. In the short run, it lowered visible burden and pushed demand from subject tutoring toward on-campus and non-subject services. But with high-stakes selection unchanged, demand reappears as small-group/one-to-one provision, advantaging families with high socioeconomic status and strong schools. Lasting relief will require tighter oversight and admissions reform with targeted, well-funded in-school support.
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