Remote Learning in Higher Education During the Pandemic: A Study of the Experiences of Chinese International Students at United Kingdom and United States Universities in 2020/21
Download PDF
$currentUrl="http://$_SERVER[HTTP_HOST]$_SERVER[REQUEST_URI]"

Keywords

COVID-19
Emergency remote learning (ERL)
Chinese students
Academic experiences
Social interaction

DOI

10.26689/jcer.v7i5.4983

Submitted : 2023-05-01
Accepted : 2023-05-16
Published : 2023-05-31

Abstract

During the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, many universities around the world made a drastic change by transferring most of their offline classes to emergency remote learning (ERL). The aim of this study was to explore how Chinese students, who studied in United Kingdom (UK) and United States (US) universities during the 2020/21 academic year, perceive their experiences of remote learning. As the UK and the US have two relatively advanced education systems, the arrangements of their universities for ERL and their support for international students are worth exploring. Moreover, during the ERL, a portion of Chinese students had online classes in their home countries instead of the country in which their universities are located. Therefore, semi-structured interviews were carried out to explore the academic experiences and social interaction of students who studied in UK and US universities, while remaining in China. The data were analyzed using the thematic analysis method. The findings showed that ERL was perceived negatively by students despite its flexibility in areas of academic learning experiences and social interaction.

References

World Health Organization, 2020, WHO Director-General’s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19, viewed on April 13, 2022, https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020

Maier V, Alexa L, Craciunescu R, 2020, Online Education During the COVID19 Pandemic: Perceptions and Expectations of Romanian Students, Proceedings of the European Conference on e-Learning, 317–324.

UNESCO, 2021, Education: From Disruption to Recovery, viewed on April 13, 2022, https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse

Moore MG, 1991, Editorial: Distance Education Theory. American Journal of Distance Education, 5(3): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923649109526758

Yilmaz Ince E, Kabul A, Diler ?, 2020, Distance Education in Higher Education in the COV?D-19 Pandemic Process: A Case of Isparta Applied Sciences University. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science, 4(4): 345–351. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijtes.v4i4.112

Sahbaz A, 2020, Views and Evaluations of University Students About Distance Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Educational Process: International Journal (EDUPIJ), 9(3): 184–198. http://dx.doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2020.93.5

Moore M, 1997, Theory of Transactional Distance, in Theoretical Principles of Distance Education, Routledge, New York, 22–38.

Spector JM, Merrill MD, Merrienboer JV, et al., 2008, Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology (3rd Edition), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York, London.

Hebebci MT, Bertiz Y, Alan S, 2020, Investigation of Views of Students and Teachers on Distance Education Practices During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science, 4(4): 267–282.

United States Distance Learning Association, 2004, United States Distance Learning Association: Definition of distance learning, viewed on April 13, 2022, http://www.usdla.org

Garrison DR, 2011, E-Learning in the 21st Century: A Framework for Research and Practice, 2nd Edition, Routledge, New York.

Allen B, Crosky A, Yench E, et al., 2010, A Model for Transformation: A Trans-Disciplinary Approach ro Disseminating Good Practice in Blended Learning in Science Faculty, Proceedings ascilite Sydney 2010, 36–48.

Moore JL, Dickson-Deane C, Galyen K, 2011, e-Learning, Online Learning, and Distance Learning Environments: Are They the Same?. The Internet and Higher Education, 14(2): 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2010.10.001

Hargis J, Yuan Y, Wu G, 2020, Rapid Course Migration: Comparing the Changes of Instructor Self-Efficacy. Glokalde: Global and Local Distance Education Journal, 6(2): 40–57.

Branch RM, Dousay TA, 2015, Survey of Instructional Development Models (5th Edition), Association for Educational Communications and Technology, viewed on April 13, 2022, https://aect.org/docs/SurveyofInstructionalDesignModels.pdf?pdf=%20SurveyofInstructionalDesignModels

Hodges CB, Moore S, Lockee BB, et al., 2020, The Difference Between Emergency Remote Teaching and Online Learning, viewed on April 13, 2022, https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/3/the-difference-between-emergency-remote-teaching-and-online-learning

Chattaraj D, Vijayaraghavan AP, 2021, Why Learning Space Matters: A Script Approach to the Phenomena of Learning in the Emergency Remote Learning Scenario. Journal of Computers in Education, 8(3): 343–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-021-00182-z

Rahiem MD, 2020, The Emergency Remote Learning Experience of University Students in Indonesia Amidst the COVID-19 Crisis. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(6): 1–26. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.19.6.1

Tulaskar R, Turunen M, 2022, What Students Want? Experiences, Challenges, and Engagement During Emergency Remote Learning Amidst COVID-19 Crisis. Education and Information Technologies, 27(1): 551–587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10747-1

Vollbrecht PJ, Porter-Stransky KA, Lackey-Cornelison WL, 2020, Lessons Learned While Creating an Effective Emergency Remote Learning Environment for Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Advances in Physiology Education, 44(4): 722–725. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00140.2020

Shandra N, Fonariuk O, Chystiakova I, 2021, Synchronous and Asynchronous Distance Learning: Benefits and Limitations, in Role of Science and Education for Sustainable Development, Publishing House of University of Technology, Katowice, 234–241. http://www.wydawnictwo.wst.pl/oferta_wydawnicza_oraz_zakup_publikacji/wydawnictwa/role_of_science_and_education_for_sustainable_development/83

Hsiao WY, 2010, In-service Teachers’ Perspectives of Enhancing Asynchronous Classroom Interaction with a Face-to-Face Real-Time Meeting Software. International Journal of Technology, Knowledge & Society, 6(4): 27.

Skylar AA, 2009, A Comparison of Asynchronous Online Text-Based Lectures and Synchronous Interactive Web Conferencing Lectures. Issues in Teacher Education, 18(2): 69–84.

Hrastinski S, 2008, A Study of Asynchronous and Synchronous E-Learning Methods Discovered That Each Supports Different Purposes. Educause Quaterly, 2008(4): 51–55.

Gillis A, Krull LM, 2020, COVID-19 Remote Learning Transition in Spring 2020: Class Structures, Student Perceptions, and Inequality in College Courses. Teaching Sociology, 48(4): 283–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092055X20954263

Durak G, Çankaya S, 2020, Undergraduate Students’ Views About Emergency Distance Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Online Submission, 5(1): 122–147. http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejoe.v5i1.3441

Wilcox B, Vignal M, 2020, Recommendations for Emergency Remote Teaching Based on the Student Experience. The Physics Teacher, 58(6): 374–375. https://doi.org/10.1119/10.0001828

Ramo NL, Lin MA, Hald ES, et al., 2021, Synchronous Vs. Asynchronous Vs. Blended Remote Delivery of Introduction to Biomechanics Course. Biomedical Engineering Education, 1(1): 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43683-020-00009-w

Nguyen T, Netto CLM, Wilkins JF, et al., 2021, Insights into Students’ Experiences and Perceptions of Remote Learning Methods: From the COVID-19 Pandemic to Best Practice for the Future. Frontiers in Education, 6: 91. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.647986

Christophel DM, 1990, The Relationships Among Teacher Immediacy Behaviors, Student Motivation, and Learning. Communication Education, 39(4): 323–340.

Christophel DM, Gorham J, 1990, The Relationship of Teachers’ Use of Humor in the Classroom to Immediacy and Student Learning. Communication Education, 39(1): 46–62.

Richardson JC, Swan K, 2019, Examining Social Presence in Online Courses in Relation to Students’ Perceived Learning and Satisfaction. Online Learn, 7: 68–88. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v7i1.1864

Tu CH, 2002, The Measurement of Social Presence in an Online Learning Environment. International Journal on E-Learning, 1(2): 34–45. https://doi.org/10.17471/2499-4324/421

Özer B, Üstün E, 2020, Evaluation of Students’ Views on the COVID-19 Distance Education Process in Music Departments of Fine Arts Faculties. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 6(3): 556–568. https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.522.2020.63.556.568

Katz VS, Jordan AB, Ognyanova K, 2021, Digital Inequality, Faculty Communication, and Remote Learning Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey of US Undergraduates. PLoS One, 16(2): e0246641. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246641

Means B, Neisler J, 2021, Teaching and Learning in the Time of COVID: The Student Perspective. Online Learning, 25(1): 8–27. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v25i1.2496

Dutta A, 2020, Impact of Digital Social Media on Indian Higher Education: Alternative Approaches of Online Learning During COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 10(5): 604–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.10.05.2020.p10169

Huang J, 2020, Successes and Challenges: Online Teaching and Learning of Chemistry in Higher Education in China in the Time of COVID-19. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9): 2810–2814. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00671

Giusti L, Mammarella S, Salza A, et al., 2021, Predictors of Academic Performance During the Covid-19 Outbreak: Impact of Distance Education on Mental Health, Social Cognition and Memory Abilities in an Italian University Student Sample. BMC Psychology, 9(1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00649-9

Son C, Hegde S, Smith A, et al., 2020, Effects of COVID-19 on College Students’ Mental Health in the United States: Interview Survey Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(9): e21279. https://doi.org/10.2196/21279

Brown S, Krzic M, 2021, Lessons Learned Teaching During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Incorporating Change for Future Large Science Courses. Natural Sciences Education, 50(1): e20047. https://doi.org/10.1002/nse2.20047

Schlesselman LS, Cain J, DiVall M, 2020, Improving and Restoring the Well-Being and Resilience of Pharmacy Students During a Pandemic. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 84(6): ajpe8144. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe8144

Wang B, 2022, Immobility Infrastructures: Taking Online Courses and Staying Put Amongst Chinese International Students During the COVID-19. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(11): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2029376

Xu X, Tran LT, 2022, A Qualitative Investigation into Chinese International Doctoral Students’ Navigation of a Disrupted Study Trajectory During COVID-19. Journal of Studies in International Education, 26(5): 553–571. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153211042092

Ciano JD, Acerra J, Tang A, 2022, Development of a Remote Learning Educational Model for International Emergency Medicine Trainees in the Era of COVID-19. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 15(1): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-021-00405-1

Liu Y, 2021, An Investigation of the Shift to Distance Education and the Widening of the Digital Divide During the COVID-19 Pandemic, dissertation, Auckland University of Technology.

Lin X, Gao L, 2020, Students’ Sense of Community and Perspectives of Taking Synchronous and Asynchronous Online Courses. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1): 169–179.

Zhang-Wu Q, 2020, Teaching Hybrid Online College Composition Classes to International Students During COVID-19: Equity, Diversity, Inclusiveness, and Community Building. English Leadership Quarterly, 43(2): 9–13.

Demuyakor J, 2020, Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Online Learning in Higher Institutions of Education: A Survey of the Perceptions of Ghanaian International Students in China. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 10(3): e202018. https://doi.org/10.29333/ojcmt/8286

Matarirano O, Gqokonqana O, Yeboah A, 2021, Students’ Responses to Multi-Modal Emergency Remote Learning During COVID-19 in a South African Higher Institution. Research in Social Sciences and Technology, 6(2): 199–218. https://doi.org/10.46303/ressat.2021.19

Çubukçu Z, 2012, The Effect of Hidden Curriculum on Character Education Process of Primary School Students. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 12(2): 1526–1534. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/effect-hidden-curriculum-on-character-education/docview/1081894888/se-2?accountid=13828

Anderson T, 2001, The Hidden Curriculum in Distance Education An Updated View. Change: The Magazine Of Higher Learning, 33(6): 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00091380109601824

Kaisara G, Bwalya KJ, 2021, Investigating the E-learning Challenges Faced by Students During COVID-19 in Namibia. International Journal of Higher Education, 10(1): 308–318. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v10n1p308

Shim TE, Lee SY, 2020, College Students’ Experience of Emergency Remote Teaching Due to COVID-19. Children and Youth Services Review, 119: 105578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105578

Stewart WH, Lowenthal PR, 2022, Distance Education Under Duress: A Case Study of Exchange Students’ Experience with Online Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Republic of Korea. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 54(sup1): S273–S287. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2021.1891996

Kedraka K, Kaltsidis C, 2020, Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on University Pedagogy: Students’ Experiences and Considerations. European Journal of Education Studies, 7(8): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v7i8.3176

Wise AF, Berngner Y, 2020, College in the Time of Corona; Spring 2020 Student Survey, NYU-LEARN, New York.

Shin M, Hickey K, 2021, Needs a Little TLC: Examining College Students’ Emergency Remote Teaching and Learning Experiences During COVID-19. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 45(7): 973–986. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2020.1847261

Danchikov EA, Prodanova NA, Kovalenko YN, et al., 2021, Using Different Approaches to Organizing Distance Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Opportunities and Disadvantages. Linguistics and Culture Review, 5(S1): 587–595. https://doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5nS1.1444

El Mansour B, Mupinga DM, 2007, Students’ Positive and Negative Experiences in Hybrid and Online Classes. College Student Journal, 41(1): 242–248.

Fatoni NA, Nurkhayatic E, Nurdiawatid E, et al., 2020, University Students Online Learning System During Covid-19 Pandemic: Advantages, Constraints and Solutions. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(7): 570–576.

Nenakhova E, 2021, Distance Learning Practices on the Example of Second Language Learning During Coronavirus Epidemic in Russia. International Journal of Instruction, 14(3): 807–826. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.14347a

Serhan D, 2020, Transitioning from Face-to-Face To Remote Learning: Students’ Attitudes and Perceptions of Using Zoom During COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science (IJTES), 4(4): 335–342. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijtes.v4i4.148

Snape D, Spencer L, 2003, The Foundations of Qualitative Research, in Qualitative Research Practice: a Guide for Social Science Researchers and Students, SAGE Publications Ltd, London, 1–23.

Savin-Baden M, Howell-Major C, 2013, Qualitative Research: The Essential Guide to Theory and Practice, Routledge, Oxford.

Holmes AGD, 2020, Researcher Positionality – A Consideration of Its Influence and Place in Qualitative Research – A New Researcher Guide. Shanlax International Journal of Education, 8(4): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v8i4.3232

Bernard HR, 2017, Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Rowman & Littlefield, United States.

McIntosh MJ, Morse JM, 2015, Situating and Constructing Diversity in Semi-Structured Interviews. Global Qualitative Nursing Research, 2: 233339361559767. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333393615597674

Braun V, Clarke V, 2017, Thematic Analysis. Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(3): 297–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1262613

Tallent-Runnels MK, Thomas JA, Lan WY, et al., 2006, Teaching Courses Online: A Review of the Research. Review of Educational Research, 76(1): 93–135. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543076001093

Titan, Ferdianto, Faniru Pakuning Desak GG, et al., 2018, A Comparative Study of Teaching Styles in Online Learning Environment, 2017 International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIMTech.2017.8273505

Adedoyin OB, Soykan E, 2020, Covid-19 Pandemic and Online Learning: The Challenges and Opportunities. Interactive Learning Environments, 31: 863–875. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1813180

Villa-Rojas R, Lu M, 2021, Lessons Learned from Remote Teaching in an Internationally Dual Degree Program During the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2021 ASEE Midwest Section Conference. https://doi.org/10.18260/1-2-1134.1153-38337

Xu X, Tran LT, 2022, A Qualitative Investigation into Chinese International Doctoral Students’ Navigation of a Disrupted Study Trajectory During COVID-19. Journal of Studies in International Education, 26(5): 553–571. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153211042092

Breines MR, Raghuram P, Gunter A, 2019, Infrastructures of Immobility: Enabling International Distance Education Students in Africa to Not Move. Mobilities, 14(4): 484–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2019.1618565

Gueorguiev DD, Lü X, Ratigan K, et al., 2020, How to Teach China This Fall, China File, https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/how-teach-china-fall

Massis BE, 2012, In the Library: Quiet Space Endures. New Library World, 113(7/8): 396–399. https://doi.org/10.1108/03074801211245084

van der Voordt T, 2016, Study Place Preferences: Quiet Please!. Boss Magazine, 57: 32–36. https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid:ae48dc93-be29-4ad9-8ac2-2432322ba545?collection=research

Borzov VI, Grishaeva SA, 2021, Influence of Distance Learning Technologies on the Quality of the Educational Process, 2021 International Conference on Quality Management, Transport and Information Security, Information Technologies (IT&QM&IS), 793–795.

Rozhkova AV, 2020, Application of Digital Technologies in Modern Educational Institutions, European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 818–824. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.10.03.96

Voronkova OV, Tsygankov? SI, 2020, Social and Economic Aspects of Distance Learning in Higher Education Institutions in Russia, in Components of Scientific and Technological Progress. Scientific and Practical Journal, 3(45): 50–54.

Elmer T, Mepham K, Stadtfeld C, 2020, Students Under Lockdown: Comparisons of Students’ Social Networks and Mental Health Before and During the COVID-19 Crisis in Switzerland. PLoS one, 15(7): e0236337. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236337

Bolger N, Eckenrode J, 1991, Social Relationships, Personality, and Anxiety During a Major Stressful Event. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3): 440. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.440

Hefner J, Eisenberg D, 2009, Social Support and Mental Health Among College Students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79(4): 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016918

Wimmer A, Lewis K, 2010, Beyond and Below Racial Homophily: ERG Models of a Friendship Network Documented on Facebook. American Journal of Sociology, 116(2): 583–642. https://doi.org/10.1086/653658

Xie X, Siau K, Nah FFH, 2020, COVID-19 Pandemic-Online Education in the New Normal and the Next Normal. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research, 22(3): 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2020.1824884