Keywords
Teacher incentives
Academic pressure
Educational inequality
Parental anxiety
Confucian cultural persistence
Private tutoring market
China’s education system
Submitted : 2025-12-16
Accepted : 2025-12-31
Published : 2026-01-15
Abstract
This paper studies China’s Double Reduction Policy and its limits. Before 2021, shadow education grew very fast. Low teacher pay, weak school autonomy, and strong exam pressure created a large space for private tutoring. Families worried that their children would fall behind, so they spent more time and money on after-school classes. The policy aimed to cut homework and reduce off-campus tutoring. After it was introduced, some big tutoring companies closed or changed their business. At the same time, many smaller and hidden forms of tutoring appeared. Survey evidence shows that gaps between rich and poor families in tutoring and study time remained large, and in some cases even grew. The paper links these outcomes to teacher incentives, local fiscal constraints, and deep cultural beliefs about exams, merit, and education. It argues that regulation alone cannot ease student stress or reduce educational inequality without broader structural and cultural change.
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