Keywords
Spray coating
Vacuum filtration
Suspension consistency
Uniformity
Basis weight
Thickness
Submitted : 2024-01-26
Accepted : 2024-02-10
Published : 2024-02-25
Abstract
Fibrous substrates made of cellulose like paper and paperboard are widely used in packaging. Furthermore, cellulose materials are biodegradable and completely safe for the environment. The water vapor barrier properties of paper and paperboard are limited due to the hydrophilic nature of cellulose fibrils. Paper is frequently combined with other materials, such as plastics, wax, and aluminum to improve its water barrier properties. Unfortunately, these materials lead to significant environmental problems and are difficult to recycle. Nanocellulose has shown the potential of being a substitute natural nanomaterial for creating environmentally friendly and sustainable barrier materials for a range of uses, including food packaging materials and substrates for the development of functional materials. Numerous cellulose sources can be used to create nanocellulose, which offers benefits like a high aspect ratio and tensile strength, making it useful for a variety of applications. The production of nanocellulose is done through a variety of processes. Potential biomedical applications of nanocellulose are tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound dressings, biosensors, implants and prosthetics, and nerve regeneration. Its application in these fields will result in the advancement of medical technology and the improvement of healthcare outcomes. Furthermore, biodegradable materials, barrier coatings, antimicrobial packaging, sustainable packaging solutions, smart packaging, and lightweight, high-strength packaging can all be made with nanocellulose. Nanocellulose-based packaging will improve the sustainability and efficiency of the packaging supply chain while providing environmentally friendly substitutes for conventional packaging materials.
References
Muncke J, 2021, Tackling the Toxics in Plastics Packaging. PLoS Biology, 19(3): e3000961.
Phelan AA, Meissner K, Humphrey J, et al., 2022, Plastic Pollution and Packaging: Corporate Commitments and Actions from the Food and Beverage Sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 331: 129827.
Jadhav EB, Singh Sankhla M, Bhat RA, et al., 2021, Microplastics from Food Packaging: An Overview of Human Consumption, Health Threats, and Alternative Solutions. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 16: 100608.
Jin M, Wang X, Ren T, et al., 2021, Microplastics Contamination in Food and Beverages: Direct Exposure to Humans. Journal of Food Science, 86(7): 2816–2837.
Aulin C, Lindström T, 2011, Biopolymer Coatings for Paper and Paperboard, in Biopolymers – New Materials for Sustainable Films and Coatings, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken.
Rouf TB, Kokini JL, 2018, Natural Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposite Films for Packaging Applications, in Bionanocomposites for Packaging Applications, Springer, 149–177.
Shanmugam K, 2019, Spray Coated Nanocellulose Films-Production, Characterisation and Applications, thesis, Monash University.
Shanmugam K, 2022, Spray Coated Cellulose Nanofiber Laminates on the Paper to Enhance its Barrier and Mechanical Properties Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) is a Sustainable Biomaterial to Replace the Synthetic Plastics for Coating on the Paper to Enhance their Barrier, 1(1): 10–17.
Deshwal GK, Panjagari NR, Alam T, 2019, An Overview of Paper and Paper Based Food Packaging Materials: Health Safety and Environmental Concerns. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56: 4391–4403.
Beneventi D, Zeno E, Chaussy D, 2015, Rapid Nanopaper Production by Spray Deposition of Concentrated Microfibrillated Cellulose Slurries. Industrial Crops and Products, 72: 200–205.
Dufresne A, 2013, Nanocellulose: A New Ageless Bionanomaterial. Materials Today, 16(6): 220–227.
Abraham E, Deepa B, Pothan LA, et al., 2011, Extraction of Nanocellulose Fibrils from Lignocellulosic Fibres: A Novel Approach. Carbohydrate Polymers, 86(4): 1468–1475.
Souza E, Gottschalk L, Freitas-Silva O, 2020, Overview of Nanocellulose in Food Packaging. Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 11(2): 154–167.
Siddiqui N, Mills RH, Gardner DJ, et al., 2011, Production and Characterization of Cellulose Nanofibers from Wood Pulp. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 25(6–7): 709–721.
Shanmugam K, 2020, Preparation of Cellulose Nanofibre Laminates on the Paper Substrate Via Vacuum Filtration, 1(2): 78–83.
Shanmugam K, 2021, Spray Coated Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) Film as an Eco-Friendly Substrate for Flexible and Printed Electronics. Online Journal of Engineering Sciences, 2021: 68–81.
Subha V, Ranu A, Shankar A, et al., 2022, Functionalization of Spray Coated Cellulose Nanofiber Sheet with Montmorillonite (MMT) and Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) to Biomedical Nanocomposite as Wound Regeneration Scaffold. Progress in Organic Coatings, 166: 106782.
Maliha M, Herdman M, Brammananth R, et al., 2020, Bismuth Phosphinate Incorporated Nanocellulose Sheets with Antimicrobial and Barrier Properties for Packaging Applications. Journal of Cleaner Production, 246: 119016.
Azeredo HM, Rosa MF, Mattoso LHC, 2017, Nanocellulose in Bio-Based Food Packaging Applications. Industrial Crops and Products, 97: 664–671.
Ahankari SS, Subhedar AR, Bhadauria SS, et al., 2021, Nanocellulose in Food Packaging: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 255: 117479.
Norfarhana A, Ilyas R, Ngadi N, 2022, A Review of Nanocellulose Adsorptive Membrane as Multifunctional Wastewater Treatment. Carbohydrate Polymers, 291: 119563.
Onur A, et al., 2019, Cellulose Fibre-Perlite Depth Filters with Cellulose Nanofibre Top Coating for Improved Filtration Performance. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 583: 123997.
Shanmugam K, 2021, Preparation of Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF)–Montmorillonite (MMT) Nanocomposite via Spray Coating Process. J. Mater. Sci. Surf. Eng., 8: 978–986.
Shanmugam K, 2021, Development of Cellulose Nanofibre (CNF) Coating on (1) Metal Surface for Free Standing CNF Film and (2) Paper Substrates for CNF Barrier Laminates. Online Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 1: 10–36.
Paul DR, Robeson LM, 2008, Polymer Nanotechnology: Nanocomposites. Polymer, 49(15): p. 3187–3204.
Shanmugam K, Browne C, 2021, Chapter 10 – Nanocellulose and its composite films: Applications, Properties, Fabrication Methods, and their Limitations, in Nanoscale Processing, Elsevier, 247–297.
Bras J, Saini S, 2017, Nanocellulose in Functional Packaging, in Cellulose-Reinforced Nanofibre Composites, Elsevier, 175–213.
Shanmugam K, Doosthosseini H, Varanasi S, et al., 2019, Nanocellulose Films as Air and Water Vapour Barriers: A Recyclable and Biodegradable Alternative to Polyolefin Packaging. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 22: e00115.
Vartiainen J, Pasanen S, Kenttä E, et al., 2018, Mechanical Recycling of Nanocellulose Containing Multilayer Packaging Films. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 135(19): 46237.
Nechyporchuk O, Belgacem MN, Bras J, 2016, Production of Cellulose Nanofibers: A Review of Recent Advances. Industrial Crops and Products, 93: 2–25.
Isogai A, 2013, Wood Nanocelluloses: Fundamentals and Applications As New Bio-Based Nanomaterials. J. Wood Sci., 59: 449–459.
Nair SS, Zhu JY, Deng Y, et al., 2014, High Performance Green Barriers Based on Nanocellulose. Sustainable Chemical Processes, 2(1): 23.
Varanasi S, Batchelor WJ, 2013, Rapid preparation of Cellulose Nanofibre Sheet. Cellulose, 20(1): 211–215.
Paul DR, Robeson LM, 2008, Polymer Nanotechnology: Nanocomposites. Polymer, 49(15): 3187–3204.
Ribeiro RS, Pohlmann BC, Calado V, et al., 2019, Production of Nanocellulose by Enzymatic Hydrolysis: Trends and challenges. Engineering in Life Sciences, 19(4): 279–291.