Keywords
Sandy soil
Yield criterion
Hardening rule
Submitted : 2025-06-28
Accepted : 2025-07-13
Published : 2025-07-28
Abstract
In soil mechanics, multi-axis generalization is the key to the wide application of sandy soil models. The multi-axis model for sandy soil has important applications in geotechnical engineering (including earthquake engineering), numerical simulation, and other relevant fields. Although the traditional triaxial model has made remarkable progress in studying the basic behavior of sandy soil, it still has limitations when simulating the behavior under complex stress conditions. Multi-axis generalization can better simulate the complex stress states commonly encountered in practical engineering, thereby improving the applicability and accuracy of the model. This paper reviews the development history of the sandy soil multi-axis model, analyzes the influence of different yield criteria, hardening rules, and flow rules on the stress-strain relationship of sandy soil, introduces common experimental methods and numerical simulation techniques, and explores its application in engineering practice and future development trends.
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