The Lanzhou–Urumqi high-speed railway is an important part of the railway network connecting Gansu, Qinghai, and Xinjiang, and it is of far-reaching significance in facilitating China’s western development. An accessibility model and a double difference model were built to analyze the impact of the Lanzhou–Urumqi high-speed railway on regional accessibility and economic development of the areas along the line before (2012–2014) and after (2017–2019) its opening. The results show that the regional accessibility remains unchanged before and after the operation of this railway line. However, there is a spatial difference in improvement, that of central cities being better. The opening of the high-speed railway is conducive to driving the overall economic development of the region and promoting the comprehensive and coordinated development of regional economies.
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