With the rapid development of China’s social economy, the economy of various regions has rapidly improved. At the same time, people are paying more attention to the issue of farmers’ social security. In order to realize the rapid development of regional economy and form a relatively stable social order, there is a need to improve the social security system of farmers so as to ensure that more people acquire basic social security rights. On this basis, based on the background of urbanization, this article studies the social security status of landless farmers in R city, and analyzes the old-age security as well as the medical insurance of landless farmers in R city.