Keywords
Fire risk
Structural identification
Hierarchical protection
Interventional design
Submitted : 2026-02-15
Accepted : 2026-03-02
Published : 2026-03-17
Abstract
Traditional timber buildings, as a vital part of global cultural heritage, face a profound contradiction between material flammability and the preservation of heritage authenticity. Conventional fire protection methods often focus on macro-spatial coverage while ignoring the complex structural features inside timber frameworks, leading to detection delays, severe water damage, and high levels of intervention. This study proposes a new paradigm of “Structural Identification–Risk Grading–Integrated Protection.” First, 3D laser scanning and non-contact detection technologies are used to accurately identify fire-sensitive units such as mortise-tenon joints, hidden cavities, and bracket systems. After that, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) model based on a combined weighting of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy weight method is constructed to realize the quantitative grading of fire risks for structural units. On this basis, integrated protection facilities featuring microencapsulated flame retardancy, local ultra-fine water mist, and inert gas release are designed. Finally, the integrated scheme is verified through digital twin technology and fire dynamics simulator (FDS). The results indicate that the system significantly improves fire control efficiency and reduces secondary water damage while adhering to the “minimum intervention” principle, providing a systematic technical path for the scientific protection of timber heritage.
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