Exploring the Interplay Between Cancer, Health, and Inflammation
Download PDF
$currentUrl="http://$_SERVER[HTTP_HOST]$_SERVER[REQUEST_URI]"

Keywords

Cancer
Tissue stress
Inflammation
Human health
Therapeutic interventions

DOI

10.26689/jcnr.v8i11.8638

Submitted : 2024-10-28
Accepted : 2024-11-12
Published : 2024-11-27

Abstract

Cancer is a complex disease influenced by various factors, including DNA damage, growth signals, and inflammation. Although inflammation has commonly not been considered carcinogenic, increasing evidence indicates its substantial involvement in the onset and progression of cancer, especially in the presence of chronic microbial infections. This review thoroughly analyzes the complex relationship between cancer, health, and inflammation by introducing pathological and physiological features of inflammation. The study explores the various factors that might enhance inflammation, including infections and para-inflammation caused by tissue stress. It will also explore the changing comprehension of microorganisms about health and illness, clarifying their possible influence on the development of several malignancies, including colon, pancreatic, gastric, and prostate cancers. In addition, the study emphasizes the development of new therapy approaches that specifically target chronic inflammations and their associated cancers. This review seeks to enhance the comprehension of the intricate correlation between cancer, inflammation, and human health by combining existing research.

References

Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, et al., 2015, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: Sources, Methods and Major Patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. International Journal of Cancer, 136(5): 359–386.

Fidler MM, Soerjomataram I, Bray FJI, 2016, A Global View on Cancer Incidence and National Levels of the Human Development Index. International Journal of Cancer, 139(11): 2436–2446.

McGuire S, 2016, World Cancer Report 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, WHO Press, 2015. Advances in Nutrition, 7(2): 418–419.

Fidler MM, Bray F, Soerjomataram I, 2018, The Global Cancer Burden and Human Development: A Review. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 46(1): 27–36.

Clinton SK, Giovannucci EL, Hursting SD, 2020, The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Third Expert Report on Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Cancer: Impact and Future Directions. The Journal of Nutrition, 150(4): 663–671.

Pati S, Irfan W, Jameel A, et al., 2023, Obesity and Cancer: A Current Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Outcomes, and Management. Cancers, 15(2): 485.

Zhang CH, Xu DK, Long J, et al., 2023, Human Resource Allocation in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at County-level and its Equity in Chongqing Municipality, 2019–2021: An Online Survey. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 39(12): 1620–1624.

Rooney MM, Miller KN, Plichta J, 2023, Genetics of Breast Cancer: Risk Models, Who to Test, and Management Options. The Surgical Clinics of North America, 103(1): 35–47.

Nost TH, Alcala K, Urbarova I, et al., 2021, Systemic Inflammation Markers and Cancer Incidence in the UK Biobank. European Journal of Epidemiology, 36(8): 841–848.

Miller ES, Apple CG, Kannan KB, et al., 2019, Chronic Stress Induces Persistent Low-grade Inflammation. American Journal of Surgery, 218(4): 677–683.

Rohleder N, 2014, Stimulation of Systemic Low-grade Inflammation by Psychosocial Stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 76(3): 181–189.

Orazi GD, Cordani M, Cirone M, et al., 2021, Oncogenic Pathways Activated by Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Promote Mutant p53 Stability: Clue for Novel Anticancer Therapies. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 78(5): 1853–1860.

Choi Y, Kim JK, Yoo JY, 2014, NFKB and STAT3 Synergistically Activate the Expression of FAT10, a Gene Counteracting the Tumor Suppressor p53. Molecular Oncology, 8(3): 642–655.

Kartikasari AER, Huertas CS, Mitchell A, et al., 2021, Tumor-induced Inflammatory Cytokines and the Emerging Diagnostic Devices for Cancer Detection and Prognosis. Frontiers in Oncology, 2021(11): 692142.

Yadav A, Kumar B, Datta J, et al., 2011, IL-6 Promotes Head and Neck Tumor Metastasis by Inducing Epithelial–mesenchymal Transition via the JAK-STAT3-SNAIL Signaling Pathway. Molecular Cancer Research, 9(12): 1658–1667.

Chang WP, Lin CC, 2017, Relationships of Salivary Cortisol and Melatonin Rhythms to Sleep Quality, Emotion, and Fatigue Levels in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Lung Cancer. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 2017(29): 79–84.

Wohleb ES, McKim DB, Sheridan JF, et al., 2015, Monocyte Trafficking to the Brain with Stress and Inflammation: A Novel Axis of Immune-to-brain Communication that Influences Mood and Behavior. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2015(8): 447.

Sun Y, Koyama Y, Shimada S, 2022, Inflammation from Peripheral Organs to the Brain: How Does Systemic Inflammation Cause Neuroinflammation? Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 2022(14): 903455.

Weber MD, Godbout JP, Sheridan JF, 2017, Repeated Social Defeat, Neuroinflammation, and Behavior: Monocytes Carry the Signal. Neuropsychopharmacology, 42(1): 46–61.

Hu H, Yang X, He Y, et al., 2022, Psychological Stress Induces Depressive-like Behavior Associated with Bone Marrow-derived Monocyte Infiltration into the Hippocampus Independent of Blood-brain Barrier Disruption. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 19(1): 208.

Vignjevic PS, Budec M, Markovic D, et al., 2016, Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor is an Endogenous Regulator of Stress-induced Extramedullary Erythropoiesis. Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 146(3): 311–324.

Gregory JL, Morand EF, McKeown SJ, et al., 2006, Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Induces Macrophage Recruitment via CC Chemokine Ligand 2. Journal of Immunology, 177(11): 8072–8079.

Nasiri E, Sankowski R, Dietrich H, et al., 2020, Key role of MIF-related Neuroinflammation in Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease. Molecular Medicine, 26(1): 34.

Wild CP, Stewart BW, Wild C, 2014, World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland.

Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al., 2018, Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 68(6): 394–424.

Wolf AMD, Oeffinger KC, Shih TY, et al., 2023, Screening for Lung Cancer: 2023 Guideline Update from the American Cancer Society. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 74(1): 50–81.

Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, et al., 2023, Cancer Statistics, 2023. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 73(1): 17–48.

Isailovic N, Daigo K, Mantovani A, et al., 2015, Interleukin-17 and Innate Immunity in Infections and Chronic Inflammation. Journal of Autoimmunity, 2015(60): 1–11.

Abdulkhaleq LA, Assi MA, Abdullah R, et al., 2018, The Crucial Roles of Inflammatory Mediators in Inflammation: A Review. Veterinary World, 11(5): 627–635

Serhan CN, Dalli J, Colas RA, et al., 2015, Protectins and Maresins: New Pro-resolving Families of Mediators in Acute Inflammation and Resolution Bioactive Metabolome. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1851(4): 397–413.

Uttara B, Singh AV, Zamboni P, et al., 2009, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review of Upstream and Downstream Antioxidant Therapeutic Options. Current Neuropharmacology, 7(1): 65–74.

Anwikar S, Bhitre M, 2010, Study of the Synergistic Anti-inflammatory Activity of Solanum Xanthocarpum Schrad and Wendl and Cassia fistula Linn. International Journal of Ayurveda Research, 1(3): 167–171.

Nguyen TT, 2012, Systems Biology Approaches to Corticosteroid Pharmacogenomics and Systemic Inflammation, thesis, The State University of New Jersey.

Porter S, 2013, Tidy’s Physiotherapy E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences, Amsterdam.

Goljan EF, 2013, Rapid Review Pathology: With Student Consult Online Access. Elsevier, Philadelphia.

Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, 2013, Robbins Basic Pathology. Elsevier Health Sciences, Amsterdam.

Seta F, Bachschmid M, 2012, Cyclooxygenase Pathway of the Arachidonate Cascade. Published online, eLS.

Mantovani A, Dinarello CA, Molgora M, et al., 2019, Interleukin-1 and Related Cytokines in the Regulation of Inflammation and Immunity. Immunity, 50(4): 778–795.

Lawrence T, Natoli G, 2011, Transcriptional Regulation of Macrophage Polarization: Enabling Diversity with Identity. Immunology, 11(11): 750–761.

Roszer T, 2015, Understanding the Mysterious M2 Macrophage through Activation Markers and Effector Mechanisms. Mediators of Inflammation, 2015: 816460.

Lamkanfi M, Dixit VM, 2014, Mechanisms and Functions of Inflammasomes. Cell, 157(5): 1013–1022

Medzhitov R, 2008, Origin and Physiological Roles of Inflammation. Nature, 454(7203): 428–435.

Shacter E, Weitzman SA, 2002, Chronic Inflammation and Cancer. Oncology, 16(2): 217–232.

Rubin DC, Shaker A, Levin MS, 2012, Chronic Intestinal Inflammation: Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colitis-associated Colon Cancer. Frontiers in Immunology, 2012(3): 107.

Coussens LM, Werb Z, 2002, Inflammation and Cancer. Nature, 420(6917): 860–867.

Fox JG, Wang TC, 2007, Inflammation, Atrophy, and Gastric Cancer. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 117(1): 60–69.

Wang F, Meng W, Wang B, et al., 2014, Helicobacter pylori-induced Gastric Inflammation and Gastric Cancer. Cancer Letters, 345(2): 196–202.

Mueller D, Tegtmeyer N, Brandt S, et al., 2012, c-Src and c-Abl Kinases Control Hierarchic Phosphorylation and Function of the CagA Effector Protein in Western and East Asian Helicobacter pylori strains. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 122(4): 1553–1566.

Ekstrom AM, Held M, Hansson LE, et al., 2001, Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Cancer Established by CagA Immunoblot as a Marker of Past Infection. Gastroenterology, 121(4): 784–791.

Peek RM Jr, Crabtree JE, 2006, Helicobacter Infection and Gastric Neoplasia. The Journal of Pathology, 208(2): 233–248.

El-Serag HB, Rudolph KL, 2007, Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Epidemiology and Molecular Carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology, 132(7): 2557–2576.

Bishayee A, 2014, The Inflammation and Liver Cancer, in Inflammation and Cancer: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 816. Springer, Basel, 401–435.

Buchmann P, Dembek C, Kuklick L, et al., 2013, A Novel Therapeutic Hepatitis B Vaccine Induces Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses and Breaks Tolerance in Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Transgenic Mice. Vaccine, 31(8): 1197–1203.

Nakamoto Y, Guidotti LG, Kuhlen CV, et al., 1998, Immune Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 188(2): 341–350

Jackson S, Bartek J, 2009, The DNA-damage Response in Human Biology and Disease. Nature, 461(7267): 1071–1078.

Fox JG, Feng Y, Theve EJ, et al., 2010, Gut Microbes Define Liver Cancer Risk in Mice Exposed to Chemical and Viral Transgenic Hepatocarcinogens. Gut, 59(1): 88–97.

Algul H, Treiber M, Lesina M, et al., 2017, Mechanisms of Disease: Chronic Inflammation and Cancer in the Pancreas—A Potential Role for Pancreatic Stellate Cells? Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 4(8): 454–462.

Kleeff J, Whitcomb D, Shimosegawa T, et al., 2017, Chronic Pancreatitis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3(1): 1–18.

Mima K, Nakagawa S, Sawayama H, et al., 2017, The Microbiome and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Cancers. Cancer Letters, 2017(402): 9–15.

Fan X, Alekseyenko AV, Wu J, et al., 2018, Human Oral Microbiome and Prospective Risk for Pancreatic Cancer: A Population-based Nested Case-control Study. Gut, 67(1): 120–127.

Tenesa A, Dunlop MG, 2009, New Insights into the Aetiology of Colorectal Cancer from Genome-wide Association Studies. Nature Reviews: Genetics, 10(6): 353–358

Mackner LM, Greenley RN, Szigethy E, et al., 2013, Psychosocial Issues in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Report of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 56(4): 449–458.

Grivennikov SI, Greten FR, Karin M, 2010, Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer. Cell, 140(6): 883–899.

Benhayon D, Youk A, McCarthy FN, et al., 2013, Characterization of Relations among Sleep, Inflammation, and Psychiatric Dysfunction in Depressed Youth with Crohn Disease. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 57(3): 335–342.

Stokkers PC, Hommes DW, 2004, New Cytokine Therapeutics for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cytokine, 28(4–5): 167–173.

Greten FR, Eckmann L, Greten TF, et al., 2004, IKKbeta Links Inflammation and Tumorigenesis in a Mouse Model of Colitis-associated Cancer. Cell, 118(3): 285–296.

Hussain SP, Hofseth LJ, Harris CC, 2003, Radical Causes of Cancer. Nature Reviews: Cancer, 3(4): 276–285.

Francescone R, Hou V, Grivennikov SI, 2015, Cytokines, IBD, and Colitis-associated Cancer. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 21(2): 409–418.

Neurath MF, 2014, Cytokines in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nature Reviews: Immunology, 14(5): 329–342.

Popivanova BK, Kitamura K, Wu Y, et al., 2008, Blocking TNF-alpha in Mice Reduces Colorectal Carcinogenesis Associated with Chronic Colitis. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 118(2): 560–570.

Atreya R, Mudter J, Finotto S, et al., 2000, Blockade of Interleukin 6 Trans Signaling Suppresses T-cell Resistance against Apoptosis in Chronic Intestinal Inflammation: Evidence in Crohn Disease and Experimental Colitis in vivo. Nature Medicine, 6(5): 583–588.

Kai Y, Takahashi I, Ishikawa H, et al., 2005, Colitis in Mice Lacking the Common Cytokine Receptor Gamma Chain is Mediated by IL-6-producing CD4+ T Cells. Gastroenterology, 128(4): 922–934.

Ng SC, Benjamin JL, McCarthy NE, et al., 2011, Relationship between Human Intestinal Dendritic Cells, Gut Microbiota, and Disease Activity in Crohn’s Disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 17(10): 2027–2037.

Izcue A, Hue S, Buonocore S, et al., 2008, Interleukin-23 Restrains Regulatory T Cell Activity to Drive T Cell-dependent Colitis. Immunity, 28(4): 559–570.

Cox JH, Kljavin NM, Ota N, et al., 2012, Opposing Consequences of IL-23 Signaling Mediated by Innate and Adaptive Cells in Chemically Induced Colitis in Mice. Mucosal Immunology, 5(1): 99–109.

Yen D, Cheung J, Scheerens H, et al., 2006, IL-23 is Essential for T Cell-mediated Colitis and Promotes Inflammation via IL-17 and IL-6. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 116(5): 1310–1316.

Fujino S, Andoh A, Bamba S, et al., 2003, Increased Expression of Interleukin 17 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gut, 52(1): 65–70.

Lyon DE, Mohanraj L, Kelly DL, et al., 2014, Health Promoting Life-style Behaviors and Systemic Inflammation in African American and Caucasian Women Prior to Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer. Health Promotion Perspectives, 4(1): 18–26.

Coussens LM, Werb Z, 2002, Inflammation and Cancer. Nature, 420(6917): 860–867.

Kochi T, Shimizu M, Shirakami Y, et al., 2015, Utility of Apc-mutant Rats with a Colitis-associated Colon Carcinogenesis Model for Chemoprevention Studies. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 24(3): 180–187.

Hardaway AL, 2015, Adipocyte-induced Inflammation in Prostate Tumor Progression in Bone: Role of CXCR2 and Osteopontin Signaling Axes, thesis, Wayne State University.

Ohnishi S, Hiramoto K, Ma N, et al., 2021, Chemoprevention by Aspirin against Inflammation-related Colorectal Cancer in Mice. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 69(3): 265–271.

Armstrong H, Bording-Jorgensen M, Dijk S, et al., 2018, The Complex Interplay between Chronic Inflammation, the Microbiome, and Cancer: Understanding Disease Progression and What We Can Do to Prevent It. Cancers, 10(3): 83.

Johnstone TC, Park GY, Lippard SJ, 2014, Lippard, Understanding and Improving Platinum Anticancer Drugs—Phenanthriplatin. Anticancer Research, 34(1): 471–476.

Bai, LK, Gao CZ, Liu QH, et al., 2017, Research Progress in Modern Structure of Platinum Complexes. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2017(140): 349–382.