Abstract
Abstract：
Repair and regeneration of articular cartilage has always been a major challenge in the medical field due to its peculiar structure (e.g. sparsely distributed chondrocytes, no blood supply). Cartilage tissue engineering is one promising strategy for cartilage repair, however, one critical issue for cartilage tissue engineering is the integration between tissue-engineered and native cartilage. In recent years, osteochondral tissue engineering have attracted growing interest for overcoming this problem. Herein, we review the development of osteochondral tissue engineering. Firstly, currently used seed cells in osteochondral tissue engineering will be described. Secondly, several types of scaffolds and their (dis)advantage for osteochondral tissue engineering will be introduced. Thirdly, the growth factors currently used in osteochondral tissue engineering will be presented and discussed.
References
YANG Zhi-ming:Basic and clinical aspects of tissue engineering,2000:152～156.
O’Driscoll SW,Fitzsimmons JS.The role of periosteum in cartilage repair.Clin Orthop,2001;391:190.
Wang Yurong, Han Fawu, Zhao Jianning, et al. Autogenous periosteum transplantation for repairing articular cartilage defects ,chinese Journal of Repair and Reconstruction Surgery,2000;14（2）:67.
Hommigna GN,Bulstra SK,Bousmesstr PS, et al.Perichondral grafteing for cartilage lesions of the knee.J Bone Joint surg（Br）,1990;72(6):1003.
Galmiche MC,Koteliansky VE,Briere J,et al.stromal cells from human lomg-term marrow cultures are mesenchymal cells that differentiate following a vascular smooth muscle differentiation pathway.Blood ,1993;82（1）：66.
Caplan AI.Mesenchymal stem cells.J Orthop Res,1991;9(5):641.
Pereira RF,Halford KE,O’Hara MD,et al.Cultured adherent cells from marrow can serve as long-lasting precursor cells for bone ,cartilage and lung in irradiated mice.Proc Natil Acad Sci USA,1995;92(11):4 857.
Prockop DJ.Marrow stromal cells as stem cells fpr nonhematopoietic tissues.Science,1997;276(5390):71.
Martin I,Padera RF,Vunjak-Novakovic G,et al.In vitro differentiation of chick embryo bone marrow stromal cells into cartilaginous and bone-like tissues.J Orthop Res ,1998;16(2).
Paulette AC ,Jose JM.Phenotypical and functional properties of human bone marrow mesenchymal progenitor cells.J Cell Physiol ,1999;181(1):67.
Shan Yuxing, Liu Yi and Xu Xinxiang Rabbit Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Construction of Soft Tissue Engineering preliminary report of bone tissue ,Chinese Journal of Repair and Reconstruction Surgery, 2001;15(1):49.
Caplan AI.stem cell delivery vehicle.Biomaterials,1990;11:44.
0chi M，uchio Y，Kawasaki K，et al.Transplantation of cartilage—like tissue made bv tissue engineedng in the treatment of cartilage defects of the knee[J]．J Bone Joint surg Br，2002，84(84)：571-578．
DOI．10．1302ï¼0301-620X．8484．11947.
chenite A，chaput c，wang D，et a1．Novel injectable neutml solutions of chitosan form biodegradable gels in situ[J]．Biomaterials，2000，21(21)：2155-2161．
DOI：10．1016/S0142-9612(00)00116-2．
Toh ws，Lee EH，Guo xM，et a1．canilage repair using hyalumnan hydrogel-encapsulated human embryonic stem cell—derived chondro—genic cellsI[J ]．Biomaterials，2010，3l(27)：6968-6980．
DOI：10，1016/j．biomaterials．2010．05．064.
wang CC，Yang KC，Lin KH，et al．Cartilage regeneration in SCID mice using a highly organized three—dimensional alginate scaffold [J]．Biomaterials，2012，33(1)：120．
DOI：10．1016ï¼i．biomaterials．2011．09．042.
Kawakami M，Tomita N，Shimada Y，et al．Chondmcyte distribution and cartilage regeneration in silk fibroin sponge[J]．Biomed Master Eng，2011，21(1)：53．
DOI：10．3233ï¼BME．2011-0656.
Guo x，zheng Q，Yang S，et al．Repair of full—thickness anicular carti—lage defects bv cultured mesenchymal stem cells transfected with the transfoming growth factor betal gene[J]．Biomed Mater，2006，1(4)：206．
DOI: 10．1088/1748-6041/1/4/006．
El SK，Marzahnu．JohnT，et a1．PGA—associated heterotopic chondro—cyte cocultures：implications of nasoseptal and auricular chondrocytes in articular cartilage repair[J]．J Tissue Eng Regen Med，2013，7(1)：61-72．
DOI :1 10．1002/term．496.
Cohen SB．Meirisch CM，Wilson HA，et al．The use 0f absorbable copolymer pads with alginate and cells for articular canilage repair in rabbits [J]．Biomatedals，2003，24(15)：2653．
DOI：10．1016/S0142-9612(03)O00589．
Vinatier C，Mrugala D，Jorgensen C．cartilage engineering：a crucial combination of cells，biomaterials and biofactors[ J ]．Trends Biotechnol．2009，27(5)：307．314．
DOI：10．1016/j．tibtech．2009．02．005．
Muir H．The chondmcvte，architect of cartilage．Biomechanics，structure，function and molecular biology of cartilage matrix macromolecules[J]．Bioessays，1995，17(12)：1039-1048．
DOI:10.1002/bies．950171208．
Spiller KL，Maher SA，Lowman AM．Hydmgels for lhe repair of articular cartilage defects[J]．Tissue Eng Part B Rev，2011，17(4)：281．
DOI:10.1089/ten.TEB.2011.0077．
Vinatier C，Gauthier O．Fatimi A，et al．An iniectable cellulose-based hydrolgel for the transfer of autologous nasal chondrocytes in articular cartilage defects[J]．Biotechnol Bioeng，2009，102(4)：1259-1267．
DOI10：1002/bit．22137．
Umlauf D，Frank S，Pap T，et al.Cartilage biology，pathology，and repair[J]．cell Mol Life Sci，2010，67(24)：4197_4211．
DOI :10．1007/s00018-010—0498-0.
DanisovicL，Varga I，Polak S．Growth factors and chondmgenic differentiation of mesenchvmal stem cells[J]．Tiss cell，2012，44(2)：69-73.
DOI：10．1016/j.tice.2011.11.005.
van der Kraan PM，Blaney Davidson EN．Blom A，et al．TGF-beta signaling in chondmcyte terminal differentiation and osteoarthritis：modulation and integration of signaling pathways through receptor-smads[J]．Osteoarthritis cartilage，2009，17(12)：1539-1545．
DOI：10.1016/j joca.2009.06.008.
Fortier LA，Barker Ju，strauss EJ，etal．The role 0f growth factors in
cartilage repair[J]．Clin 0rthop Relat Res，2011，469(10)：2706—
．
DOI:10.1007/s11999-011-1857-3.
Zhang X，Ibrahimi OA，Olsen SK，et al．Receptor specificity of the fibroblast growth factor family． The complete mammalian FGF family[J]．J Biol Chem，2006，281(23)：15694—15700．
DOI：10.1074/jbc.M601252200.
Yan D，Chen D，Cool SM，et al．Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 is principally responsible for fibroblast growth factor 2-induced catabolic activities in human articular chondrocytes[J]．Arthritis Res Ther，2011，13：R130．
DOI：10.1186/ar3441．
Correa D，Lietman SA．Articular cartilage repair：current needs，methods and research directionsf[J]．Semin cell Dev Biol，2017，62：67-77．
DOI：10.1016/j．semcdb．2016．07．013．
Sekiya I，Larson BL，Vuoristo JT，et al．Comparison of effct of BMP-2，-4，and-6 on in vitro cartilage formation of human adult stem cells from bone marrow stroma[J]．Cell Tissue Res，2005，320(2)：269-276．
DOI:10.1007/s00441-004-1075-3．
Lietman SA，Yanagishita M，Sampath TK，et al．Stimulation of proteoglycan synthesis in explants of porcine articular cartilage by recombinant osteogenic protein-1 (bone morphogenetic pmtein-7)[J]．J Bone Joint Surg Am，1997，79(8)：1132-1137．
DOI：10.2106/00004623-199708000-0003．
Shintani N，Hunziker EB．Chondrogenic differentiation of bovine synovium:bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 7 and transfoming growth factor betal induce the formation of different types of cartilaginous tissue[J]．Arthritis Rheum,2007,56(6):1869—1879．
DOI:10.1002/art.22701．
Feng G，wan Y，Balian G，et al．Adenovirus-mediated expression of growth and differentiation factor-5 promotes chondrogenesis of adipose stem cells[J]．Growth Factors,2008,26(3)：132-142．
DOI :10.1080/08977190802105917．
Montaseri A，Busch F，Mobasheri A，et al．IGF-1 and PDGF-bb suppress IL-1 β-induced cartilage degradation through down-regulation of NF-κB signaling：involvement of src/Pl-3K/AKT pathway[J]．PLoS One，2011，6(12)：e28663．
DOI：10.137l/journal.pone.0028663．