Keywords
Postprandial
Ketoacidosis
Adipogenesis
Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs (OHD)
Submitted : 2022-08-27
Accepted : 2022-09-11
Published : 2022-09-26
Abstract
Diabetes is a cosmopolitan medical issue ramifying a large population regardless of ethnicity. Elevated glycemic condition in a patient is explained as diabetes. It can be mainly categorized into Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) and Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) or Type 1 or Type 2 respectively. Type 1 or IDDM needs insulin therapy exclusively while Type 2 can be controlled via various hypoglycemic agents. Conventional classes contain glitazones, biguanides, sulfonylurea’s and so on, while newly developed drug classes include gliptins or DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT-2 receptor inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists. The novelty in the anti-hyperglycemic agents have given promising results as compared to the conventional drugs. Insulin cannot be negated as far as its glycemic control is concerned. Furthermore, development of Insulin analogues like detemir, glargine, Lispro have been shown to control glucose levels in the plasma more efficiently.
References
Olokoba AB, Obateru OA, Olokoba LB, 2012, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Current Trends. Oman Medical Journal, 27(4): 269–273.
Pranoto A, Novida H, Prajitno JH, et al., 2015, Safety and Efficacy in Early Insulin Initiation as Comprehensive Therapy for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Primary Health Care Centers. Acta Med Indones, 479(2): 104–110.
Scheen AJ, 2010, Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 Inhibitors (Gliptins): Focus on Drug-Drug Interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet, 49(9): 573–588. https://www.doi.org/10.2165/11532980-000000000-00000
Kumar BS, A. Ravisankar, Mohan A, et al., 2015, Effect of Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents on Bone Metabolism in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus & Occurrence of Osteoporosis. Indian J Med Res, 141(4): 431–437. https://www.doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.159287
Bazelier MT, Gallagher AM, Van Staa T–P, et al., 2012, Use of Thiazolidinediones and Risk of Osteoporotic Fracture: Disease Or Drugs?. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 21(5): 507–514. https://www.doi.org/10.1002/pds.3234
Cao Y, Lam L, 2002, Projections for Insulin Treatment for Diabetics. Drugs Today (Barc), 38(6): 419–427. https://www.doi.org/10.1358/dot.2002.38.6.678349
Chen X-W, He Z–X, Zhou Z–W, et al., 2015, An Update on the Clinical Pharmacology of the Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitor Alogliptin Used for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 42(12): 1225–1238. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.12469
Sena CM, Bento CF, Pereira P, et al., 2010, Diabetes Mellitus: New Challenges and Innovative Therapies. EPMA Journal, 1(1): 138–163. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s13167-010-0010-9
Sola D, Rossi L, Carnevale Schianca GP, Maffioli P, et al., 2013, Sulfonylureas and Their Use in Clinical Practice. Arch Med Sci, 11(4): 840–848. https://www.doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2015.53304
Ferrannini E, DeFronzo RA, 2015, Impact of Glucose-Lowering Drugs on Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes. European Heart Journal, 36(34): 2288–2296. https://www.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv239
Yavuz DG, Ozcan S, Deyneli O, 2015, Adherence to Insulin Treatment in Insulin-Naïve Type 2 Diabetic Patients Initiated on Different Insulin Regimens. Patient Preference and Adherence, 2015(9): 1125-1231. https://www.doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S87935
Van Velsen EFS, Lamers J, Blok V, et al., 2014, A Prospective Study of Concomitant GLP-1 Analogue and Insulin Use in Type 2 Diabetes in Clinical Practice. The Netherlands Journal of Medicine, 72(10): 523–527.
Nyenwe EA, Jerkins TS, Umpierrez GE, et al., 2011, Management of Type 2 Diabetes: Evolving Strategies for the Treatment of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Metabolism, 60(1): 1–23. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2010.09.010
Chao EC, 2014, SGLT-2 Inhibitors: A New Mechanism for Glycemic Control. Clinical Diabetes, 32(1): 4–11. https://www.doi.org/10.2337/diaclin.32.1.4
Filipova EP, Uzunova KH, Vekov TY, 2015, Comparative Analysis of Therapeutic Efficiency and Costs (Experience in Bulgaria) of Oral Antidiabetic Therapies Based on Glitazones and Gliptins. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 2015(7): 63. https://www.doi.org/10.1186/s13098-015-0059-7
Filippatos TD, Panagiotopoulou TV, Elisaf MS, 2014, Adverse Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. Rev Diabet Stud, 11(3–4): 202–230. https://www.doi.org/10.1900/RDS.2014.11.202
Vial G, Chauvin M-A, Bendridi N, et al., 2015, Imeglimin Normalizes Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Sensitivity and Improves Mitochondrial Function In Liver of a High-Fat, High-Sucrose Diet Mice Model. Diabetes, 64(6): 2254–2264.
Huri H, Ling D, Ahmad WA, 2015, Association Between Glycemic Control and Antidiabetic Drugs in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Cardiovascular Complications. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 2015(9): 4735–4749. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S87294
Huri HZ, Lim PL, Lim SK, 2015, Glycemic Control and Antidiabetic Drugs in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Renal Complications. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 2015(9): 4355–4371. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S85676
Chen H-H, Horng M-H, Yeh S-Y, et al., 2015. Glycemic Control with Thiazolidinedione is Associated with Fracture of T2DM Patients. Plos One, 10(8): e0135530. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135530
Mouser JF, 2004, New Drugs for Management of Diabetes: Insulin Analogues, Inhaled Insulin, Pramlintide, and Novel Peptides. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 19(2): 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0115426504019002172
Rosenstock J, Hanefeld M, Shamanna P, et al., 2014, Beneficial Effects of Once-daily Lixisenatide on Overall and Postprandial Glycemic Levels Without Significant Excess of Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately. J Diabetes and Complications, 28(3): 386–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.01.012
Hermansen K, Mortensen LS, Hermansen M-L, 2008, Combining Insulins with Oral Anti Diabetic Agents: Effect on Hyperglycemic Control, Markers of Cardiovascular Risk and Disease. Vascular Health and Risk Management, 4(3): 561–574. https://doi.org/10.2147/vhrm.s1815
Wu L, Zhu J, Prokop LJ, et al., 2014, Pharmacologic Therapy of Diabetes and Overall Cancer Risk and Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of 265 Studies. Scientific Reports, 5: 10147. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10147
Bhartia M, Tahrani AA, Barnet AH, 2011, SGLT-2 Inhibitors in Development for Type 2 Diabetes Treatment. The Review of Diabetic Studies 8(3): 348–54. https://doi.org/10.1900/RDS.2011.8.348
Waugh N, Cummins E, Royle P, et al., 2010, Newer Agents for Blood Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Economic Evaluation. Health Technology Assessment, 14(36): 1–248. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta14360
Nauck MA, 2014, Update on Developments with Sglt2 Inhibitors in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 2014(8): 1335-1380. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S50773
Balfour Jr PC, Rodriguez CJ, Ferdinand KC, 2014, Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Effects of New and Emerging Antidiabetic Agents. Curr Hypertens Rep, 16(8): 455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-014-0455-7
Rosenwasser RF, Sultan S, Sutton D, et al., 2013, SGLT-2 Inhibitors and Their Potential in the Treatment of Diabetes. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 2013(6): 453–467. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S34416
Ansari RSH, Mady AF, Qutub HO, et al., 2015, Metformin-related Acidosis in a Woman While Performing Haj: A Conservative Approach. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, 26(1): 125–127. https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.148759
Usui R, Yabe D, Kuwata H, et al., 2015, Retrospective Analysis of Safety And Efficacy of Liraglutide Monotherapy and Sulfonylurea-combination Therapy in Japanese Type 2 Diabetes: Association Of Remaining ?-cell Function And Achievement of Hba1c Target One Year After Initiation. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, 29(8): 1203–1210 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.07.020
Shaefer Jr CF, Kushner P, Aguilar R, 2015, User’s Guide to Mechanism of Action and Clinical Use of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. Postgrad Med, 127(8): 818–826. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2015.1090295
Inzucchi SE, Zinman B, Wanner C, et al., 2015, SGLT-2 Inhibitors and Cardiovascular Risk: Proposed Pathways and Review Of Ongoing Outcome Trials. Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research, 12(2): 90–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1479164114559852
Valsaraj S, Augusti KT, Chemmanam V, et al., 2009, Effects of Insulin, Glimepiride and Combination Therapy of Insulin and Metformin on Blood Sugar and Lipid Profile of NIDDM Patients. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 24(2):175–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-009-0031-0
Fordan S, Raskin P, 2009, Vascular Effects of Rapid-Acting Insulin Analogs in the Diabetic Patient: A Review. Vascular Health and Risk Management, 5(1): 225–231. https://doi.org/10.2147/vhrm.s3402
Chirakup S, Chaiyakunapruk N, Chaikledkeaw U, 2008, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Thiazolidinediones in Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetic Patients Receiving Sulfonylureas and Metformin in Thailand. International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research 11(1): 43-51.
Tiwari P, 2015, Recent Trends in Therapeutic Approaches for Diabetes Management: A Comprehensive Update. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2015: 340838. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/340838
Valla V, 2010, Therapeutics of Diabetesmellitus: Focus on Insulinanalogues and Insulin Pumps. Experimental Diabetes Research, 2010: 178372. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/178372
Du Y-F, Ou H-Y, Beverly EA, et al., 2014, Achieving Glycemic Control in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Critical Comparison of Current Options. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 2015(9): 1963–1980. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S53482
Nakamura Y, Hasegawa H, Tsuji M, et al., 2015, Diabetes Therapies in Hemodialysis Patients: Dipeptidase-4 Inhibitors. World Journal of Diabetes, 6(6): 840–849. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v6.i6.840
Nakamura Y, Hasegawa H, Tsuji M, Udaka Y, Mihara M, Shimizu T, Inoue M, Goto Y, Gotoh H, Inagaki M, Oguchi K. Diabetes therapies in hemodialysis patients: Dipeptidase-4 inhibitors. World J Diabetes 2015; 6(6): 840-849 https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v6.i6.840
Zhu Z, Shen Z, Lu Y, et al., 2012, Increased Risk of Bladder Cancer with Pioglitazone Therapy in Patients with Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 98(1): 159–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2012.05.006