Short acting beta2-agonists (SABAs) such as salbutamol and terbutaline are commonly used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). According to the guideline produced by the British Thoracic Society (BTS) and the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), SABAs are considered to be the first line of treatment in asthma management. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines also recommend the use of SABA as the first line of treatment for managing patients with COPD. The recommendations in NICE guidelines state that in COPD patients, breathlessness and exercise limitation should be first medicated with short-acting bronchodilators (including beta2-agonists or anticholinergics) when it is required. Both salbutamol and terbutaline have been widely used for asthma and COPD, and they have been found to be extremely beneficial in the two pathologic conditions.
British Thoracic Society, 2007, British Guideline on the Management of Asthma. Thorax, 58 Suppl I, 1-98.
Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Calverley PMA, et al., 2001, Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop Summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163(5): 1256-1276.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), 2004, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: National Clinical Guideline for Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Adults in Primary and Secondary Care. Thorax, 1, 59. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD), 2007, Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of COPD. http://www.goldcopd.com
Yanai M, Sekizawa K, Ohrui T, et al., 1992, Site of Airway Obstruction in Pulmonary Disease: Direct Measurement of Intrabronchial Pressure. J Appl Physiol, 72(3): 1016-1023.
Mead J, Turner JM, Macklem PT, et al., 1967, Significance of the Relationship between Lung Recoil and Maximum Expiratory Flow. J Appl Physiol, 22(1): 95-108.
Jensen EJ, Dahl R, Steffensen F, 2000, Bronchial Reactivity to Cigarette Smoke; Relation to Lung Function, Respiratory Symptoms, Serum-Immunoglobulin E and Blood Eosinophil and Leukocyte Counts. Respir Med, 94(2): 119-127.
Fletcher C, Peto R, 1977, The Natural History of Chronic Airflow Obstruction. Br Med J, 1(6077): 1645-1648.
Hogg PJC, 2004, Pathophysiology of Airflow Limitation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Lancet, 364(9435): 709-721.
Retamales I, Elliott WM, Meshi B, et al., 2001, Amplification of Inflammation in Emphysema and Its Association with Latent Adenoviral Infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 164(3): 469-473.
Gorecka D, Gorzelak K, Sliwinski P, et al., 1997, Effect of Long-Term Oxygen Therapy on Survival in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Moderate Hypoxaemia. Thorax, 52(8): 674-679.
Barnes PJ, 2000, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N Engl J Med, 343(4): 269-280.
Petty TL, 1995, Enjoying Life with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Cedar Grove Laennec Publishing, NJ.
Altman LC, Hill JS, Hairfield WM, et al., 1981, Effects of Corticosteroids on Eosinophil Chemotaxis and Adherence. J Clin Invest, 67(1): 28-36.
Kesten S, Chapman KR, 1993, Physician Perceptions and Management of COPD. Chest, 104(1): 254-258.
Dennis SM, Sharp SJ, Vickers MR, 2000, Regular Inhaled Salbutamol and Asthma Control: The TRUST Randomised Trial. Therapy Working Group of the National Asthma Task Force and the MRC General Practice Research Framework. Lancet, 355: 1675-1679.
Walters EH, Walters J, Gibson P, et al., 2003, Inhaled Short Acting Beta2 Agonist Use in Asthma: Regular Versus As Needed Treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2000(4): CD001285.
Abdelrahim ME, Saeed H, Harb HS, et al., 2021, Essentials of Aerosol Therapy in Critically Ill Patients, Springer.
Soiza RL, Myint PK, 2019, The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (Sign) 157: Guidelines on Risk Reduction and Management of Delirium. Medicina, 55(8): 491.
Adams NP, Bestall JC, Lasserson TJ, et al., 2005, Fluticasone Versus Placebo for Chronic Asthma in Adults and Children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2005(4): CD003135.
O’Byrne P, Barnes PJ, Rodriguez-Gomez G, et al., 2001, Low Dose Inhaled Budesonide and Formoterol in Mild Persistent Asthma: The OPTIMA Randomized Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 164: 1392-1397.
Pauwels RA, Pedersen S, Busse WW, 2003, Early Intervention with Budesonide in Mild Persistent Asthma: A Randomised, Double-Blind Trial. Lancet, 361(9363): 1071-1076.
Vogelberg C, Goldstein S, Graham L, et al., 2020, A Comparison of Tiotropium, Long-Acting ?2-Agonists and Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists on Lung Function and Exacerbations in Paediatric Patients with Asthma. Respiratory Research, 21(1): 1-19.
Miwa N, Nagano T, Ohnishi H, et al., 2018, An Open-Label, Multi-Institutional, Randomized Study to Evaluate the Additive Effect of a Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist on Cough Score in Patients with Cough-Variant Asthma Being Treated with Inhaled Corticosteroids. Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences, 64(4): E134.
Celli BR, MacNee W, Agusti A, et al., 2004, Standards for The Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with COPD: A Summary of the ATS/ERS Position Paper. Eur Respir J, 23(6): 932-946.
Nials AT, Ball DI, Butchers PR, et al., 1994, Formoterol on Airway Smooth Muscle and Human Lung Mast Cells: A Comparison with Salbutamol and Salmeterol. Eur J Pharmacol, 251(2-3): 127-135.
Cazzola M, Marco FD, Santus P, et al., 2004, The Pharmacodynamic Effects of Single Inhaled Doses of Formoterol, Tiotropium and Their Combination in Patients with COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 17(1): 35-39.
Cazzola M, Noschese P, Salzillo A, et al., 2005, Bronchodilator Response to Formoterol After Regular Tiotropium or to Tiotropium After Regular Formoterol in COPD Patients. Respir Med, 99(5): 524-528.
van Noord JA, Aumann JL, Janssens E, et al., 2005, Comparison of Tiotropium Once Daily, Formoterol Twice Daily and Both Combined Once Daily in Patients with COPD. Eur Respir J, 26(2): 214-222.
Poole PJ, Black PN, 2001, Oral Mucolytic Drugs for Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Systematic Review. BMJ, 322(7297): 1271.
Stanescu D, Sanna A, Veritier C, et al., 1996, Airways Obstruction, Chronic Expectoration and Rapid Decline of FEV1 in Smokers Are Associated with Increased Levels of Sputum Neutrophils. Thorax, 51: 267-271.
Tetley TD, 1993, New Perspectives on Basic Mechanisms in Lung Disease. 6. Proteinase Imbalance: Its Role in Lung Disease. Thorax, 48: 560-565.
Repine JE, Bast A, Lankhorst I, 1997, Oxidative Stress in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 156: 341-357.
Hunninghake GW, Crystal RG, 1983, Cigarette Smoking and Lung Destruction. Accumulation of Neutrophils in the Lungs of Cigarette Smokers. Am Rev Respir Dis, 128(5): 833-838.
Keatings VM, Barnes PJ, 1997, Granulocyte Activation Markers in Induced Sputum: Comparison between Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Asthma, and Normal Subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 155: 449-453.
Keatings VM, Collins PD, Scott DM, et al., 1996, Differences in Interleukin-8 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Induced Sputum from Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153: 530-534.
Vestbo J, Sorensen T, Lange P, et al., 1999, Long-Term Effect of Inhaled Budesonide in Mild and Moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Lancet, 353(9167): 1819-1823.
Burge PS, Calverley PMA, Jones PW, et al., 2000, Randomised, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study of Fluticasone Propionate in Patients with Moderate to Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The ISOLDE Trial. BMJ, 320(7245): 1297.
Calverley P, Pauwels R, Vestbo J, 2003, Combining Salmeterol and Fluticasone in the Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Lancet, 361: 449-456.
Cazzola M, Dahl R, 2004, Inhaled Combination Therapy with Long-Acting {Beta}2-Agonists and Corticosteroids in Stable COPD. Chest, 126(1): 220-237.
Szafranski W, Cukier A, Ramirez A, et al., 2003, Efficacy and Safety of Budesonide/Formoterol in the Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Eur Respir J, 21: 74-81.
Barnes NC, Qiu Y-S, Pavord ID, et al., 2006, Antiinflammatory Effects of Salmeterol/Fluticasone Propionate in Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 173(7): 736-743.
Sweetman CS, 2002, Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, Pharmaceutical Press, London, 757-786.
Theophilus A, Moore A, Prime D, et al., 2006, Co-Deposition of Salmeterol and Fluticasone Propionate by a Combination Inhaler. Int J Pharm, 313(1-2): 14-22.
Eaton T, Lewis C, Young P, et al., 2004, Long-Term Oxygen Therapy Improves Health-Related Quality of Life. Respir Med, 98(4): 285-293.
Elliott MW, Branthwaite MA, Steven MH, et al., 1990, Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation for Acute Respiratory Failure. BMJ, 300(6721): 358-360.
Ambrosino N, Foglio K, Rubini F, et al., 1995, Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation in Acute Respiratory Failure Due to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Correlates for Success. Thorax, 50(7): 755-757.
Brochard L, Lofaso F, Simonneau G, et al., 1995, Noninvasive Ventilation for Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N Engl J Med, 333(13): 817-822.
Lightowler JV, Wedzicha JA, Elliott MW, et al., 2003, Non-Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation to Treat Respiratory Failure Resulting from Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMJ, 326(7382): 185.
Plant PK, Elliott MW, 1998, Non-Invasive Ventilation in Acute Exacerbations of COPD. QJM, 91(10): 657-660.