Research Status and Progress of Related Indicators for Early Diagnosis and Prognosis Evaluation of Autoimmune Encephalitis
Download PDF
$currentUrl="http://$_SERVER[HTTP_HOST]$_SERVER[REQUEST_URI]"

Keywords

Autoimmune Encephalitis
Early diagnosis
Prognosis evaluation
Biomarker

DOI

10.26689/jcnr.v9i5.10632

Submitted : 2025-04-30
Accepted : 2025-05-15
Published : 2025-05-30

Abstract

Addressing the challenges of difficult early diagnosis and the incomplete prognosis evaluation system for Autoimmune Encephalitis (AE), this study comprehensively reviews the relevant indicators for early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of AE. The analysis reveals that multiple indicators currently exhibit unique value in the diagnosis and treatment of AE, but each has its limitations. This article aims to systematically review these indicators and clarify their current application in clinical practice, to help improve the accuracy of early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of AE, and provide a theoretical basis for clinicians to develop more effective treatment strategies.

References

Li W, Wen S, Chen J, et al., 2025, Relationship Between Serum Immunoglobulin Levels and Disease Prognosis in Children With Autoimmune Encephalitis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 24(01): 54–58.

Ma H, Xu J, Hao F, et al., 2023, Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Analysis of Autoimmune Encephalitis. Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases, 26(05): 566–571.

Hu X, Li J, Xu W, et al., 2024, Clinical Diagnostic Value of Cerebrospinal Fluid Immunoglobulins, Peripheral Blood Inflammatory Cell Indicators, and Cellular Immune Indicators in Children With Autoimmune Encephalitis. China Modern Medicine, 31(23): 105–108.

Wang D, Zheng G, Shao C, et al., 2023, The Value of Cerebrospinal Fluid Indicators in the Differential Diagnosis of Autoimmune Encephalitis and Viral Encephalitis. Labeled Immunoassays and Clinical Medicine, 30(02): 186–190, 222.

Cao D, Zhang L, Guo X, et al., 2017, Analysis of Clinical Manifestations and MRI Features of Autoimmune Encephalitis. Chinese Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, 43(06): 341–345.

Wu G, Wang C, Huang N, et al., 2024, Discussion on the Correlation and Weight of Diagnostic Elements of Autoimmune Encephalitis. Journal of Stroke and Nervous Diseases, 41(03): 264–269.

Kuang Z, Liu B, Yang H, et al., 2020, Clinical Analysis and Dynamic Observation of Serum Antibodies in Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis. Chinese Journal of Neuroimmunology and Neurology, 27(04): 270–275.

Gresa-Arribas N, Titulaer M, Torrents A, et al., 2014, Antibody Titres at Diagnosis and During Follow-Up of Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis: A Retrospective Study. Lancet Neurol, 13(2): 167–177.

Miao C, Zhu Y, Liu P, 2023, Clinical Significance of the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Peripheral Blood of Patients With Autoimmune Encephalitis. Modern Medicine and Health, 39(12): 2049–2053.

Zhang Q, Shi Y, Yuan Y, 2024, Current Status of Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Autoimmune Encephalitis and Its Relationship With Poor Prognosis. Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases, 27(10): 1189–1194.

Liu Y, Ma L, Ma X, et al., 2022, Simple and Effective Serum Biomarkers With Potential for Predicting Status Epilepticus in Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis. BMC Neurol, 22(1): 27.