Keywords
Nutrition
Muscle weakness
Physical function
Systematic literature review
Submitted : 2024-04-14
Accepted : 2024-04-29
Published : 2024-05-14
Abstract
Background: There is a growing number of intensive care patients who survive from complicated intensive care procedures. However, many of these survivors struggle with muscle weakness, polyneuropathy, and reduced physical function as a result of intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW). Since nutrition is known to be crucial for the maintenance of muscle, several studies have investigated the effect of nutritional interventions on the development of ICUAW. Objective: The aim of this systematic literature review was to investigate the impact of nutrition on the development of ICUAW. Methods: This systematic literature review was conducted using the methodological framework described by Booth et al. A systematic literature search in CINAHL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases was conducted. Randomized controlled trials that investigated the effect of a nutritional intervention administered while the patient was admitted to the ICU were included. The endpoint was ICUAW or outcome measures encompassed by the ICUAW concept, such as muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, or reduced physical function. Results: Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria. Different nutritional interventions and different methods for measuring muscle weakness, muscle mass, and physical function were used in the primary studies. Inconsistent results were observed in studies that measured the short-term effects of nutritional interventions. None of the studies that measured ICUAW upon hospital discharge observed a difference in effect between nutritional intervention and the nutrition received by the control group. The samples in several studies were too small to determine the differences in the outcome measures of ICUAW. Some studies were pilot studies, while others had ICUAW as a secondary outcome. Conclusion: This literature review cannot determine the role of nutrition in the development of ICUAW. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the intensive care population, patients often have different nutritional needs. Future studies should be designed based on ICU patients’ individual nutritional needs. Furthermore, there is a need for standardization of how ICUAW is measured, so that results from future studies can be compared.
References
Bear DE, Wandrag L, Merriweather JL, et al., 2017, The Role of Nutritional Support in the Physical and Functional Recovery of Critically Ill Patients: A Narrative Review. Crit Care, 21(1): 226.
Piva S, Fagoni N, Latronico N, 2019, Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness: Unanswered Questions and Targets for Future Research. F1000 Res, 8: 508. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.17376.1
Stevens RD, Marshall SA, Cornblath DR, et al., 2009, A Framework for Diagnosing and Classifying Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness. Crit Care Med, 37(10): S299–S308. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b6ef67
Hermans G, Van den Berghe G, 2015, Clinical Review: Intensive Care Unit Acquired Weakness. Crit Care, 19(1): 274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-015-0993-7
NSFLIS, 2017, Funksjons- og Ansvarsbeskrivelse for Intensivsykepleier [Functional and Responsibility Description for Intensive Nurse]. Norsk Sykepleierforbund, Oslo.
Puthucheary ZA, Rawal J, McPhail M, et al., 2013, Acute Skeletal Muscle Wasting in Critical Illness. JAMA, 310(15): 1591–1600. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.278481
Sundström-Rehal M, Tardif N, Rooyackers O, 2019, Can Exercise and Nutrition Stimulate Muscle Protein Gain in the ICU Patient? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 22(2): 146–151. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000548
Lambell KJ, King SJ, Forsyth AK, et al., 2018, Association of Energy and Protein Delivery on Skeletal Muscle Mass Changes in Critically Ill Adults: A Systematic Review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 42(7): 1112–1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpen.1151
Latronico N, Herridge M, Hopkins R, et al., 2017, The ICM Research Agenda on Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness. Intens Care Med, 43(9): 1270–1281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-017-4757-5
Liu Y, Zhao W, Chen W, et al., 2020, Effects of Early Enteral Nutrition on Immune Function and Prognosis of Patients with Sepsis on Mechanical Ventilation. J Intens Care Med, 35(10): 1053–1061. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885066618809893
Yeh DD, Ortiz-Reyes LA, Quraishi SA, et al., 2018, Early Nutritional Inadequacy Is Associated with Psoas Muscle Deterioration and Worse Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Surgical Patients. J Crit, 45: 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.12.027
Singer P, Blaser AR, Berger MM, et al., 2019, ESPEN Guideline on Clinical Nutrition in the Intensive Care Unit. Clin Nutr, 38(1): 48–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.08.037
McClave SA, Taylor BE, Martindale RG, et al., 2016, Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN). JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr, 40(2): 159–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607115621863
Yatabe T, Egi M, Sakaguchi M, et al., 2019, Influence of Nutritional Management and Rehabilitation on Physical Outcome in Japanese Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Multicenter Observational Study. Ann Nutr Metab, 74(1): 35–43. https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000495213
Fetterplace K, Beach LJ, MacIsaac C, et al., 2019, Associations Between Nutritional Energy Delivery, Bioimpedance Spectroscopy and Functional Outcomes in Survivors of Critical Illness. J Hum Nutr Diet, 32(6): 702–712. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12659
Lad H, Saumur TM, Herridge MS, et al., 2020, Intensive Care Unit Acquired Weakness: Not Just Another Muscle Atrophying Condition. Int J Mol Sci, 21(21): 7840. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217840
Fetterplace K, Ridley EJ, Beach L, et al., 2020, Quantifying Response to Nutrition Therapy During Critical Illness: Implications for Clinical Practice and Research? A Narrative Review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 25: 25. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpen.1949
Ingvaldsen B, 2016, Væske, Elektrolytter, Blodgasser og Infusjonsterapi 5 utg. [Fluid, Electrolytes, Blood Gases and Infusion Therapy 5th Ed.], Avdeling for Anestesiologi Oslo Universitetssykehus, Oslo.
García-Martínez MÁ, González JCM, García-de-Lorenzo A, et al., 2019, Muscle Weakness: Understanding the Principles of Myopathy and Neuropathy in the Critically Ill Patient and the Management Options. Clin Nutr, 39(5): 1331–1344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2019.05.027
Guldbrandsen T, Stubberud D-G, (eds) 2016, Intensivsykepleie 3 Utg. [Intensive Care Nursing 3rd Ed.], Cappelen Damm Akademisk, Oslo.
Trethewey SP, Brown N, Gao F, et al., 2019, Interventions for the Management and Prevention of Sarcopenia in the Critically Ill: A Systematic Review. J Critical Care, 50: 287–295. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.01.008
Calvo-Ayala E, Khan BA, Farber MO, et al., 2013, Interventions to Improve the Physical Function of ICU Survivors: A Systematic Review. CHEST, 144(5): 1469–1480. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.13-0779
Bost RB, Tjan DH, van Zanten AR, 2014, Timing of (Supplemental) Parenteral Nutrition in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review. Ann Intensive Care, 4(1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-014-0031-y
Fetterplace K, Gill BMT, Chapple LaS, et al., 2020, Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Patient-Centered Outcomes, Comparing International Guideline-Recommended Enteral Protein Delivery with Usual Care. JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr, 44(4): 610–620. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.1725
Wandrag L, Brett SJ, Frost G, et al., 2015, Impact of Supplementation with Amino Acids or Their Metabolites on Muscle Wasting in Patients with Critical Illness or Other Muscle Wasting Illness: A Systematic Review. J Hum Nutr Diet, 28(4): 313–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12238
Booth A, Sutton A, Papaioannou D, 2016, Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review 2nd Ed., Sage, London.
Grant MJ, Booth A, 2009, A Typology of Reviews: An Analysis of 14 Review Types and Associated Methodologies. J Eur Assoc Health Inf Libr, 26(2): 91–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al., 2021, The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews. BMJ, 2021: 372.
Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, et al., 2016, Rayyan—A Web and Mobile App for Systematic Reviews. Syst Rev, 5(1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4
Cherry MG, Boland A, Dickson R, (eds) 2017, Data Extraction: Where Do I Begin?, in Doing a Systematic Review: A Student’s Guide 2nd Ed. Sage Publications, California, 93–106.
Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, 2019, CASP Randomised Controlled Trials Checklist, https://casp-uk.net/casp-tools-checklists/
Ghouri F, Hollywood A, Ryan K, 2018, A Systematic Review of Non-Antibiotic Measures for the Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 18(1): 99. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1732-2
Brabant GV, Vasilevsky CA, Gardiner PA, 1984, Skeletal Muscle Function and the Nutritional State. Surgical Forum, 35: 90–92.
Casaer MP, Mesotten D, Hermans G, et al., 2011, Early Versus Late Parenteral Nutrition in Critically Ill Adults. N Engl J Med, 365(6): 506–517. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1102662
Van Dyck L, Derese I, Vander Perre S, et al., 2019, The GH Axis in Relation to Accepting an Early Macronutrient Deficit and Outcome of Critically Ill Patients. J Clin Endicronol Metabol, 104(11): 5507–5518. https://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2019-00842
Hermans G, Casaer MP, Clerckx B, et al., 2013, Effect of Tolerating Macronutrient Deficit on the Development of Intensive-Care Unit Acquired Weakness: A Subanalysis of the EPaNIC Trial. Lancet Respir Med, 1(8): 621–629. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70183-8
Casaer MP, Langouche L, Coudyzer W, et al., 2013, Impact of Early Parenteral Nutrition on Muscle and Adipose Tissue Compartments During Critical Illness. Crit Care Med, 41(10): 2298–2309. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31828cef02
Needham DM, Dinglas VD, Morris PE, et al., 2013, Physical and Cognitive Performance of Patients with Acute Lung Injury 1 Year After Initial Trophic Versus Full Enteral Feeding EDEN Trial Follow-Up. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 188(5): 567–576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201304-0651OC
Needham DM, Dinglas VD, Bienvenu OJ, et al., 2013, One Year Outcomes in Patients with Acute Lung Injury Randomised to Initial Trophic or Full Enteral Feeding: Prospective Follow-Up of EDEN Randomised Trial. BMJ, 346: f1532. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f1532
Ferrie S, Allman-Farinelli M, Daley M, et al., 2016, Protein Requirements in the Critically Ill: A Randomized Controlled Trial Using Parenteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr, 40(6): 795–805. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607115618449
Fetterplace K, Deane AM, Tierney A, et al., 2018, Targeted Full Energy and Protein Delivery in Critically Ill Patients: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (FEED Trial). J Parenter Enter Nutr, 42(8): 1252–1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpen.1166
Deane AM, Little L, Bellomo R, et al., 2020, Outcomes Six Months After Delivering 100% or 70% of Enteral Calorie Requirements During Critical Illness (TARGET). A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 201(7): 814–822. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201909-1810OC
Reid DB, Chapple LS, O’Connor SN, et al., 2016, The Effect of Augmenting Early Nutritional Energy Delivery on Quality of Life and Employment Status One Year After ICU Admission. Anaesth Intens Care, 44(3): 406–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x1604400309
Doig GS, Simpson F, Sweetman EA, et al., 2013, Early Parenteral Nutrition in Critically Ill Patients with Short-Term Relative Contraindications to Early Enteral Nutrition: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA, 309(20): 2130–2138. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.5124
Doig GS, Simpson F, Bellomo R, et al., 2015, Intravenous Amino Acid Therapy for Kidney Function in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Intens Care Med, 41(7): 1197–1208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-015-3827-9
Ridley EJ, Davies AR, Parke R, et al., 2018, Supplemental Parenteral Nutrition Versus Usual Care in Critically Ill Adults: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study. Crit Care, 22: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-018-1939-7
Nakamura K, Kihata A, Naraba H, et al., 2020, b-Hydroxy-b-Methylbutyrate, Arginine, and Glutamine Complex on Muscle Volume Loss in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Control Trial. JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr, 44(2): 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.1607
Berger MM, Pantet O, Jacquelin-Ravel N, et al., 2019, Supplemental Parenteral Nutrition Improves Immunity with Unchanged Carbohydrate and Protein Metabolism in Critically Ill Patients: The SPN2 Randomized Tracer Study. Clin Nutr, 38(5): 2408–2416.
McNelly AS, Bear DE, Connolly BA, et al., 2020, Effect of Intermittent or Continuous Feed on Muscle Wasting in Critical Illness: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial. Chest, 158(1): 183–194. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.045
Dresen E, Weißbrich C, Fimmers R, et al., 2021, Medical High-Protein Nutrition Therapy and Loss of Muscle Mass in Adult ICU Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Nutr, 40(4): 1562–1570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.021
Allingstrup MJ, Kondrup J, Wiis J, et al., 2017, Early Goal-Directed Nutrition Versus Standard of Care in Adult Intensive Care Patients: The Single-Centre, Randomised, Outcome Assessor-Blinded EAT-ICU Trial. Intens Care Med, 43(11): 1637–1647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-017-4880-3
Vega-Alava KM, Sy RAG, Domado AM, 2018, The Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation on Duration of Mechanical Ventilation: A Pilot Study. Philipp J Intern Med, 56(2): 71–76.
Wischmeyer PE, Hasselmann M, Kummerlen C, et al., 2017, A Randomized Trial of Supplemental Parenteral Nutrition in Underweight and Overweight Critically Ill Patients: The TOP-UP Pilot Trial. Crit Care, 21: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-017-1736-8
Coster WJ, 2013, Making the Best Match: Selecting Outcome Measures for Clinical Trials and Outcome Studies. Am J Occup Ther, 67(2): 162–170. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2013.006015
Aitken LM, Burmeister E, McKinley S, et al., 2015, Physical Recovery in Intensive Care Unit Survivors: A Cohort Analysis. Am J Crit Care, 24(1): 33–40. https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2015870
Hashem MD, Nallagangula A, Nalamalapu S, et al., 2016, Patient Outcomes After Critical Illness: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies Following Hospital Discharge. Crit Care, 20(1): 345 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-016-1516-x
Taverny G, Lescot T, Pardo E, et al., 2019, Outcomes Used in Randomised Controlled Trials of Nutrition in the Critically Ill: A Systematic Review. Criti Care, 23(1): 12 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-018-2303-7
Marik PE, Hooper MH, 2016, Normocaloric Versus Hypocaloric Feeding on the Outcomes of ICU Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Intens Care Med, 42(3): 316–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-015-4131-4
Davies ML, Chapple L-AS, Chapman MJ, et al., 2017, Protein Delivery and Clinical Outcomes in the Critically Ill: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit Care Resusc, 19(2): 117.
Bear DE, Puthucheary Za, 2019, Designing Nutrition-Based Interventional Trials for the Future: Addressing the Known Knowns. Crit Care, 23(1): 53. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-019-2345-5
Arabi YM, Casaer MP, Chapman M, et al., 2017, The Intensive Care Medicine Research Agenda in Nutrition and Metabolism. Intens Care Med, 43(9): 1239–1256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-017-4711-6
Chapple LS, Ridley EJ, Chapman MJ, 2020, Trial Design in Critical Care Nutrition: The Past, Present and Future. Nutrients, 12(12): 3694. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123694