Tracing the Trajectory: The Evolutionary Application and Optimisation of Blended Learning Models in Psychiatric Nursing
Download PDF

Keywords

Psychiatric nursing
Blended teaching
Online-offline integration
Course construction
Teaching effectiveness

DOI

10.26689/ijgpn.v4i2.15060

Submitted : 2026-05-11
Accepted : 2026-05-26
Published : 2026-06-10

Abstract

Objective: To review the current application status of online-offline blended teaching in psychiatric nursing courses, clarify the theoretical foundations, practical key points, and existing challenges of this teaching model, and provide references for the reform of psychiatric nursing course teaching. Methods: Systematically summarize relevant research on the blended teaching model in psychiatric nursing, focusing on core content such as model development, practical implementation, teaching effectiveness, and challenges encountered. Analyze experiences and problems in course design, implementation pathways, and the transformation of teacher and student roles both domestically and internationally. Results: Blended teaching can effectively enhance the theoretical knowledge level, clinical skill operation ability, and humanistic care literacy of psychiatric nursing students. However, in practical application, it faces challenges such as difficulties in integrating course content, imperfect technical support systems, and insufficient teacher training. Conclusion: Blended teaching is an innovative teaching model suitable for the characteristics of psychiatric nursing courses. It is necessary to address existing challenges specifically to promote the continuous optimization and widespread adoption of this model in the field of psychiatric nursing education.

References

Jia Z, Balinas JM, 2004, Teaching Strategies in Psychiatric Nursing Based on Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Cureus, 16(4): e57759. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.57759

Keykha R, Seyedfatemi N, Mousavizadeh SN, et al., 2025, Mental Health Nurses’ Experiences of Caring for Inpatients with Severe Mental Disorders: A Qualitative Study. BMC Psychiatry, 25(1): 621. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07024-7

Wei YB, Wei TS, Lu YN, et al., 2025, Exploration of OBE-Based Integrated Practical Teaching in Nursing under the New Medical Education Paradigm. Journal of Henan Medical College, 37(6): 703–707.

Shao QY, 2025, Application of Blended Learning Based on the BOPPPS Teaching Model in Traditional Chinese Medicine Nursing Education for Psychiatric Care. Journal of Chinese Medicine Management, 33(6): 140–142.

Seed Ahmed M, Soltani A, Zahra D, et al., 2025, Remote Online Learning Reimagined: Perceptions and Experiences of Medical Students in a Post-pandemic World. BMC Medical Education, 25(1): 215. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-06815-6

Chen MC, 2024, Blended Learning for Enhancing Nursing Students’ Confidence in Managing Psychiatric Nursing Problems. Nursing Education Perspectives, 45(3): E10–E11. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000001211

Shan Y, Zhou XM, Qi WW, 2023, Application of a Blended Teaching Approach Integrating Psychological Situational Dramas and Flipped Classrooms in the Course of Psychiatric Nursing. Shanghai Nursing, 23(12): 74–77.

Pan Q, Zhu XL, Wu XM, et al., 2022, Practical Research on Blended Teaching Models Incorporating Ideological and Political Elements into Courses: Taking “Psychiatric Nursing” as an Example. Journal of Tonghua Normal University, 43(6): 16–21.

Choi HB, 2024, Concept Analysis of Psychiatric Nursing Competency in Psychiatric Nursing. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 2024(52): 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2024.07.016

Khalil AI, Alqhtani SS, 2025, Translating Theory into Practice: Students’ Lived Experiences on the Utilisation of OSVE and Role-play for Acquiring Psychiatric Nursing Competencies. Journal of Medicine and Life, 18(4): 364–374. https://doi.org/10.25122/jml-2024-0383

Tan X, Pan M, Wan Z, et al., 2024, Current Status and Needs of In-service Training for Psychiatric Nurses in 24 Provinces of China: A Cross-sectional Survey. Frontiers in Psychology, 2024(15): 1376274. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1376274

Sheikhbahaeddinzadeh E, Ashktorab T, Ebadi A, 2022, Technical Competency Required by Postgraduate Psychiatric Nursing Students: A Qualitative Research. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 2022(11): 320. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1479_21

Sheikhbahaeddinzadeh E, Ashktorab T, Ebadi A, 2025, Meta Competency, Prerequisites Improving the Postgraduate Psychiatric Nursing Students’ Clinical Competency: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 2025(14): 207. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1864_23

Li Y, 2024, Application and Feasibility Study of Case-based Teaching Combined with Role-playing in Psychiatric Nursing Education. Heilongjiang Medicine, 37(4): 819–821.

Wu CS, Chen MF, Hwang HL, et al., 2023, Effectiveness of a Nursing Board Game in Psychiatric Nursing Course for Undergraduate Nursing Students: An Experimental Design. Nurse Education in Practice, 2023(70): 103657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103657

He YN, Duan ZY, Cui XL, 2025, First-Class Undergraduate Course in Psychiatric Nursing: Construction and Practice Exploration of Blended Teaching Model. Journal of Yanbian University of Science and Technology, 48(6): 140–142.

Lai CY, 2021, Creative Theory in Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing, Alternative Teaching Model, and a New Breakthrough in Psychiatric Home Care Nursing. Hu Li Za Zhi, 68(1): 4–5. https://doi.org/10.6224/JN.202102_68(1).01

Li SR, Zhang JL, Zhao YJ, et al., 2023, Application of a Blended Teaching Model in Clinical Placement Education for Psychiatric Nursing. Journal of Clinical Psychosomatic Medicine, 29(6): 135–139.

Johnson D, Gatewood E, Ling A, et al., 2021, Teleprecepting: A Timely Approach to Clinical Education during COVID-19. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 34(1): 153–159. https://doi.org/10.1097/JXX.0000000000000567

Niu P, Wang LL, Lei WY, 2025, Research on Ideological and Political Education in Experiential Courses for Psychiatric Nursing. Health Vocational Education, 43(17): 77–80.

Xie FY, 2024, Application of Case-Based Teaching Combined with Mind Mapping in Traditional Chinese Medicine Psychiatric Nursing Practice Instruction. Journal of Chinese Medicine Management, 32(23): 125–127.

Yi X, Peng Y, Feng LM, 2025, Evaluation of the BOPPPS Teaching Model in Psychiatric Nursing Education. Life Science Instruments, 23(4): 111–113 + 117.

Pan L, Lin AQ, Ma HL, 2022, Application of SPOC+DingTalk Group-Based Blended Teaching Model for “Golden Courses” in Psychiatric Nursing. Henan Agriculture, 2022(3): 25–28.

Long LZ, Xiang H, 2025, Research and Reflections on Outcomes-Based Psychiatric Nursing Curriculum in Higher Vocational Education. Knowledge Window (Teacher Edition), 2025(3): 99–101.

Arkan B, Bostanlı A, 2024, Teaching Psychiatric Nursing with Films during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 31(6): 1073–1082. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.13059

Huang SY, Liu J, Yu SS, et al., 2022, Application and Effectiveness Evaluation of Blended Learning in Psychiatric Nursing Education. Journal of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, 44(2): 88–92

Baloyi OB, 2023, Development of Higher-order Thinking Skills in Nursing Students through Online Problem-based Assessment. Health SA, 2023(28): 2423. https://doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v28i0.2423

Li SJ, Li F, Zeng MR, et al., 2025, Analysis of the Application Effectiveness of Scenario Simulation Teaching Method in Psychiatric Clinical Nursing Education. Chinese Journal of Continuing Medical Education, 17(9): 63–67.

Thomson AE, Smith N, Karpa J, 2022, Strategies Used to Teach Professional Boundaries in Psychiatric Nursing Education. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 43(10): 895–902. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2022.2083737

Tong K, McMahon E, Reid-McDermott B, et al., 2021, SafePsych: Improving Patient Safety by Delivering High-impact Simulation Training on Rare and Complex Scenarios in Psychiatry. BMJ Open Quality, 10(3): e001533. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2021-001533

Cardona L, Barreto M, Grodberg D, et al., 2021, Cognitive-behavioural Therapy Training for Multidisciplinary Inpatient Psychiatric Teams: A Novel Curriculum using Animated Simulations. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 2021, 34(3): 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcap.12318

Alsharari AF, Salihu D, Alshammari FF, 2025, Effectiveness of Virtual Clinical Learning in Nursing Education: A Systematic Review. BMC Nursing, 24(1): 432. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03076-y

Yang Y, Chen H, Sun H, 2024, Nursing Undergraduate Students’ Experiences and Perceptions of Blended Learning in Paediatric Nursing: A Mixed Methods Study. SAGE Open Nursing, 2024(10): 23779608241274214. https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608241274214

Kim M, Jeong GH, Park HS, et al., 2021, Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Women’s Health Nursing Clinical Practicums in the Spring 2020 Semester in the Republic of Korea: A Nationwide Survey Study. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing, 2021, 27(3): 256–264. https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2021.09.17.1

Su XY, He JP, Li HM, et al., 2024, Observation on the Application Effect of a Blended Teaching Model Supported by Micro-lectures and Nursing Students’ Standardised Patients in Psychiatric Nursing Education during the Post-pandemic Era. Heilongjiang Medicine, 48(4): 441–444.

Pan L, Lin AQ, Ma HL, 2022, Application of a Hybrid “Golden Course” Teaching Model Based on SPOC + DingTalk Groups in Psychiatric Nursing Education. Henan Agriculture, 2022(3): 25–28.

Frangieh J, Sarver LC, Hughes V, 2024, Caring: The Heart of Online Nursing Education—An Integrative Review. Journal of Professional Nursing 2024(52): 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2024.03.008

Chamane N, Thompson R, Goldstone S, 2021, Designing and Piloting of a Mobile Learning Curriculum for Quality Point-Of-Care Diagnostics Services in Rural Clinics of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2021(3): 728309. https://doi.org/10.3389/frph.2021.728309

Dawood E, Alshutwi SS, Alshareif S, et al., 2024, Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Standardised Patient Simulation as a Teaching Method in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. Nursing Reports, 14(2): 1424–1438. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14020107

Heunis JC, Kigozi-Male NG, Maeko M, et al., 2025, Mental Health in Nursing Education: Perspectives of Learning Facilitators and Students in South Africa. BMC Nursing, 24(1): 997. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03606-8

Wenzel C, Melrose S, Lane A, 2022, Clinical Instruction in Mental Health Nursing: Students’ Perceptions of Best Practices. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 19(1): 20210147. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijnes-2021-0147

Tan SL, Zhang YM, Yu YF, 2024, Application of Case-based Learning with Role-playing in Psychiatric Nursing Education. Journal of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Education Science Edition), 26(2): 60–64.

Ghaljeh M, Ghaljaei F, Rezaee N, et al., 2025, Implementation of a Psychiatric Nursing Boot Camp to Improve Empathy and Reduce Stigma towards Psychiatric Patients among Nursing Students. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 2025(14): 214. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_2043_23

Thomson AE, Karpa J, Smith N, 2024, Psychiatric Nurse and Educator Perspectives on Professional Boundaries in Nursing Education: An Interpretive Description Study. Journal of Professional Nursing, 2024(52): 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2024.03.011

Tang Q, Zhang T, Jiang L, 2023, Influence of Blended Instruction on Students’ Learning Effectiveness: The Role of Flow. Education and Information Technologies (Dordr), 28(2): 1891–1909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11224-z

Taub M, Banzon AM, Zhang T, 2022, Tracking Changes in Students’ Online Self-Regulated Learning Behaviours and Achievement Goals Using Trace Clustering and Process Mining. Frontiers in Psychology, 2022(13): 813514. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.813514

Moyer JE, 2023, Virtual Reality Simulation Applications in Pre-Licensure Psychiatric Nursing Curricula: An Integrative Review. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 44(10): 984–1001. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2023.2243330

Wang X, Yang L, Du M, et al., 2025, Six Teaching Methods on the Effectiveness of Community Nursing Education for Nursing Students in China: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Nurse Education in Practice, 2025(84): 104323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2025.104323

Si QL, Kun H, Quan LL, et al., 2024, Innovative Integration of the “W + Flipped Classroom” and “B + BOPPPS” Teaching Models for Enhanced Learning Outcomes. BMC Medical Education, 24(1): 1050. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-06034-5

Wong WC, Wu TCM, 2025, Effects of a Standardised Patient-Based Simulation on Generation Z Nursing Students’ Management of Patients With Dementia: A Mixed-Method Study. Nursing Education Perspectives, 46(4): E31–E33. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000001418

Wang J, Jiang Y, Yang J, et al., 2025, Application of Virtual Simulations in the Practical Teaching of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Courses. BMC Medical Education, 25(1): 1024. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-07603-y

Li Y, Li X, Liu Y, et al., 2024, Application Effect of BOPPPS Teaching Model on Fundamentals of Nursing Education: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Studies. Frontiers in Medicine (Lausanne), 2024(11): 1319711. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2024.1319711

Cruz CFDS, Araújo DCSA, Santos CTJ, et al., 2024, Effectiveness of Teaching and Evaluation Methods of Clinical Competencies for Pharmacy: A Systematic Review. Current Pharmaceutical Teaching and Learning, 16(12): 102182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2024.102182

Yao N, 2022, Epistemic Neural Network Based Evaluation of Online Teaching Status during Epidemic Period. Evolutionary Intelligence, published online, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-022-00789-w

Chen J, Lu H. Evaluation Method of Classroom Teaching Effect Under Intelligent Teaching Mode. Mob Netw Appl. 2022;27(3):1262-1270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-022-01946-2 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40477593/

Niu Y, Xi H, Liu J, et al., 2023, Effects of Blended Learning on Undergraduate Nursing Students’ Knowledge, Skills, Critical Thinking Ability and Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Nurse Education in Practice, 2023(72): 103786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103786

Shan Y, Zhou X, Qi W, et al., 2023, Innovations in Teaching during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparisons of the Impacts of Different Teaching Approaches in Psychiatric Nursing on Undergraduate Nursing Students. BMC Medical Education, 23(1): 827. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04819-8

Duan A, Jiang F, Li L, et al., 2024, Design and Practice of Blended Teaching of Internal Medicine Nursing Based on O-AMAS Effective Teaching Model. BMC Medical Education, 24(1): 580. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05588-8

Tong DH, Uyen BP, Ngan LK, 2022, The Effectiveness of Blended Learning on Students’ Academic Achievement, Self-study Skills and Learning Attitudes: A Quasi-experimental Study in Teaching the Conventions for Coordinates in the Plane. Heliyon. 8(12): e12657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12657

Fan YT, Liu YQ, Yang Y, 2022, Application of the Small Private Online Course-based Blended Teaching Model in Human Parasitology Teaching. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitological Medicine, 34(4): 417–419. https://doi.org/10.16250/j.32.1374.2022169

Almohammadi NH, Elnugomi NM, Atta Elmannan AA, et al., 2025, Perspectives of Medical Students in Using Blended Learning: A Thematic Analysis. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 2025(16): 837–847. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S515941

Frederick KD, Havrda DE, Scott D, et al., 2023, Assessing Student Perceptions of Blended and Online Learning Courses in Pharmacoeconomics, Management, and Leadership. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 87(4): ajpe9001. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe9001