Keywords
AI scenario simulation
Ideological and political education
Clinical decision-ethics training
Medical humanities
Submitted : 2026-01-25
Accepted : 2026-02-09
Published : 2026-02-24
Abstract
The integration of AI scenario simulation into anatomy education has emerged alongside technological advancement, forming an innovative pathway for ideological and political education in medical curricula. As a novel approach to ethical training in the new era, this model focused on four key aspects: clarifying conceptual boundaries of ethical decision-making, establishing theoretical foundations from constructivist and cognitive psychology perspectives, defining functional roles in clinical-ethical dual-track training, and exploring practical implementation status. The research process is not only one of summarization but also of critical reflection. This article emphasizes integrating professions with disciplines, highlighting that improving students’ clinical decision-making abilities helps with employment. By reviewing existing studies and reflecting on challenges in the development of AI-enhanced anatomy education, this paper clarifies its developmental trajectory and further affirms its potential value in cultivating ethically conscious medical professionals within the Chinese context.
References
Cornwall J, Hildebrandt S, Champney TH, et al., 2024, Ethical Concerns Surrounding Artificial Intelligence in Anatomy Education: Should AI Human Body Simulations Replace Donors in the Dissection Room? Anatomical Sciences Education, 17(5): 937–943.
Noel G, 2024, Evaluating AI-Powered Text-to-Image Generators for Anatomical Illustration: A Comparative Study. Anatomical Sciences Education, 17(5): 979–983.
Lee J, Gharaibeh Y, Dong P, et al., 2025, Computational Analysis of Intravascular OCT Images for Future Clinical Support: A Comprehensive Review. IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering.
Chung S, Giuffre M, Rajashekar N, et al., 2025, Usability and Adoption in a Randomized Trial of GutGPT a GenAI Tool for Gastrointestinal Bleeding. NPJ Digital Medicine. 8(1): 527.
Khoury P, Oppenheimer J, Bunyavanich S, et al., 2025, Preparing Allergists to Practice in 2050 Using Artificial Intelligence. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. In practice, 13(11): 2927–2935.
Tejani AS, Elhalawani H, Moy L, et al., 2023, Artificial Intelligence and Radiology Education. Radiology Artificial Intelligence, 5(1): e220084.
Petrescu-Mag RM, Vinken M, Petrescu DC, 2025, Mapping the Ethical and Sustainable Transition in Toxicology: A Bibliometric Analysis and a Review of New Approach Methodologies. Archives of Toxicology.
Arun G, Perumal V, Urias F, et al., 2024, ChatGPT Versus a Customized AI Chatbot (Anatbuddy) for Anatomy Education: A Comparative Pilot Study. Anatomical Sciences Education, 17(7): 1396–1405.
Bizama F, Alameri M, Demers KJ, et al., 2022, Physical Therapy Students’ Perception of their Ability of Clinical and Clinical Decision-Making Skills Enhanced After Simulation-Based Learning Courses in the United States: A Repeated Measures Design. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions, 19: 34.
Hantel A, Walsh TP, Marron JM, et al., 2024, Perspectives of Oncologists on the Ethical Implications of Using Artificial Intelligence for Cancer Care. JAMA Network Open, 7(3): e244077.
Schubert T, Oosterlinck T, Stevens RD, et al., 2025, AI Education for Clinicians. EClinical Medicine, 79: 102968.
Howley LD, Whelan AJ, 2025, From the World Wide Web to AI: Why We Must Learn From Our Past to Transform the Future of Medical Education. Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 100(9S Suppl 1): S30–s33.
Gin BC, LaForge K, Burk-Rafel J, et al., 2025, Macy Foundation Innovation Report Part II: From Hype to Reality: Innovators’ Visions for Navigating AI Integration Challenges in Medical Education. Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 100(9S Suppl 1): S22–s29.
Boscardin CK, Abdulnour RE, Gin BC, 2025, Macy Foundation Innovation Report Part I: Current Landscape of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education. Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 100(9S Suppl 1): S15–s21.
Volin J, van Assen M, Bala W, et al., 2025, Artificial Intelligence and Its Effect on Radiology Residency Education: Current Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directions. Journal of the American College of Radiology: JACR, 22(11): 1264–1270.
Turner L, Hashimoto DA, Vasisht S, et al., 2024, Demystifying AI: Current State and Future Role in Medical Education Assessment. Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 99(4S Suppl 1): S42–s47.
Gordon ER, Trager MH, Kontos D, et al., 2024, Ethical Considerations for Artificial Intelligence in Dermatology: A Scoping Review. The British Journal of Dermatology, 190(6): 789–797.
El Arab RA, Al Moosa OA, Abuadas FH, et al., 2025, The Role of AI in Nursing Education and Practice: Umbrella Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 27: e69881.
Vannatta CN, 2024, Surveying the Moral Landscape: How Ethical Frameworks Influence the Structure of Return-to-Sport Decision Making. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 54(4): 230–233.
Ning Y, Ong JCL, Cheng H, et al., 2025, How Can Artificial Intelligence Transform the Training of Medical Students and Physicians? The Lancet Digital Health, 2025: 100900.
Madika B, Saha A, Kang C, et al., 2025, Artificial Intelligence for Materials Discovery, Development, and Optimization. ACS Nano, 19(30): 27116–27158.
Xu H, Wang Y, Xun Y, et al., 2025, Artificial Intelligence for Clinical Reasoning: The Reliability Challenge and Path to Evidence-Based Practice. QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians, 118(11): 802–804.
Adnan S, Benson AC, Xiao J, 2025, How Virtual Reality Is Being Adopted in Anatomy Education in Health Sciences and Allied Health: A Systematic Review. Anatomical Sciences Education, 18(5): 496–525.
Aridan N, Bernstein-Eliav M, Gamzo D, et al., 2024, Neuroanatomy in Virtual Reality: Development and Pedagogical Evaluation of Photogrammetry-Based 3D Brain Models. Anatomical Sciences Education, 17(2): 239–248.
New ML, Huie TJ, Claar D, et al., 2025, Virtual Reality Anatomy Trainer Turns Teaching Endobronchial Ultrasound Inside-Out. Chest, 167(5): 1440–1450.
Alturkustani S, Durfee A, O’Leary OF, et al., 2025, Measuring Students’ Perceptions of Virtual Reality for Learning Anatomy Using the General Extended Technology Acceptance Model for E-Learning. Anatomical Sciences Education, 18(6): 579–595.
Chai T, Zhou Z, Cheng S, et al., 2024, Industrial Metaverse-Based Intelligent PID Optimal Tuning System for Complex Industrial Processes. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, 54(11): 6458–6470.
Oh S, Song TE, Mahato M, et al., 2023, Easy-To-Wear Auxetic SMA Knot-Architecture for Spatiotemporal and Multimodal Haptic Feedbacks. Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla), 35(47): e2304442.
Liu Y, Park W, Yiu CK, et al., 2024, Miniaturized, Portable Gustation Interfaces for VR/AR/MR. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 121(49): e2412116121.
Checcucci E, Amparore D, Volpi G, et al., 2024, Metaverse Surgical Planning with Three-Dimensional Virtual Models for Minimally Invasive Partial Nephrectomy. European Urology, 85(4): 320–325.
Vannaprathip N, Haddawy P, Schultheis H, et al., 2025, SDMentor: A Virtual Reality-Based Intelligent Tutoring System for Surgical Decision Making in Dentistry. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 162: 103092.
Khan M, Oh S, Song TE, et al., 2025, Wearable Haptics for Orthotropic Actuation Based on Perpendicularly Nested Auxetic SMA Knotting. Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla), 37(1): e2411353.
Zhang L, Huang L, Yuan Z, et al., 2024, Collaborative Augmented Reconstruction of 3D Neuron Morphology in Mouse and Human Brains. Nature Methods, 21(10): 1936–1946.
Kamphorst K, de Jong J, Rider NL, et al., 2025, Big Data and Artificial Intelligence: Current State and Future Opportunities in Allergy and Immunology. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. In practice, 13(11): 2914–2924.
Cacciamani GE, Chen A, Gill IS, et al., 2024, Artificial Intelligence and Urology: Ethical Considerations for Urologists and Patients. Nature Reviews Urology, 21(1): 50–59.
Tikhomirov L, Semmler C, McCradden M, et al., 2024, Medical Artificial Intelligence for Clinicians: The Lost Cognitive Perspective. The Lancet Digital Health, 6(8): e589–e594.
Boag W, Hasan A, Kim JY, et al., 2024, The Algorithm Journey Map: A Tangible Approach to Implementing AI Solutions in Healthcare. NPJ Digital Medicine, 7(1): 87.
Oniani D, Hilsman J, Peng Y, et al., 2023, Adopting and Expanding Ethical Principles for Generative Artificial Intelligence from Military to Healthcare. NPJ Digital Medicine, 6(1): 225.
Heinrichs H, Kies A, Nagel SK, et al., 2025, Physicians’ Attitudes Toward Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: Mixed Methods Survey and Interview Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 27: e74187.
Lahat A, Sharif K, Zoabi N, et al., 2024, Assessing Generative Pretrained Transformers (GPT) in Clinical Decision-Making: Comparative Analysis of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 26: e54571.
Putica A, Khanna R, Bosl W, et al., 2025, Ethical Decision-Making for AI in Mental Health: The Integrated Ethical Approach for Computational Psychiatry (IEACP) Framework. Psychological Medicine, 55: e213.
Rahimzadeh V, Kostick-Quenet K, Blumenthal Barby J, et al., 2023, Ethics Education for Healthcare Professionals in the Era of ChatGPT and Other Large Language Models: Do We Still Need It? The American Journal of Bioethics: AJOB, 23(10): 17–27.
Tun HM, Rahman HA, Naing L, et al., 2025, Trust in Artificial Intelligence-Based Clinical Decision Support Systems Among Health Care Workers: Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 27: e69678.
Lazarus MD, Douglas P, Stephens GC, 2024, Personalization Above Anonymization? A Role for Considering the Humanity and Spirituality of the Dead in Anatomical Education. Anatomical Sciences Education, 17(8): 1556–1568.
Gong EJ, Woo J, Lee JJ, et al., 2025, Role of Artificial Intelligence in Gastric Diseases. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 31(37): 111327.
Tiribelli S, Monnot A, Shah SFH, et al., 2023, Ethics Principles for Artificial Intelligence-Based Telemedicine for Public Health. American Journal of Public Health, 113(5): 577–584.
Hanna MG, Pantanowitz L, Jackson B, et al., 2025, Ethical and Bias Considerations in Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning. Modern Pathology: An Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc, 38(3): 100686.
Greene T, Dhurandhar A, Shmueli G, 2023, Atomist or Holist? A Diagnosis and Vision for More Productive Interdisciplinary AI Ethics Dialogue. Patterns (New York, NY), 4(1): 100652.
Lee YM, Kim S, Lee YH, et al., 2024, Defining Medical AI Competencies for Medical School Graduates: Outcomes of a Delphi Survey and Medical Student/Educator Questionnaire of South Korean Medical Schools. Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 99(5): 524–533.
Wessels Q, Taylor AM, 2025, The History of Anatomical Engagement. Anatomical Sciences Education, 18(12): 1337–1348.
Chng SY, Tern MJW, Lee YS, et al., 2025, Ethical Considerations in AI for Child Health and Recommendations for Child-Centered Medical AI. NPJ Digital Medicine, 8(1): 152.
Cold KM, Vamadevan A, Laursen CB, et al., 2025, Artificial Intelligence in Bronchoscopy: A Systematic Review. European Respiratory Review: An Official Journal of the European Respiratory Society, 34(176): 240274.
Schmit CD, Doerr MJ, Wagner JK, 2023, Leveraging IP for AI Governance. Science (New York, NY), 379(6633): 646–648.
Finkelstein J, Gabriel A, Schmer S, et al., 2024, Facilitators and Barriers to Implementation of AI-Assisted Clinical Decision Support in an Electronic Health Record System. Journal of Medical Systems, 48(1): 89.
Pang M, Tong X, Zhao X, et al., 2024, Virtual Sketching-Based Dental Anatomy Module Improves Learners’ Abilities to Use Computer-Aided Design to Create Dental Restorations and Prostheses. Anatomical Sciences Education, 17(6): 1251–1264.
Lee HW, Jin KN, Oh S, et al., 2023, Artificial Intelligence Solution for Chest Radiographs in Respiratory Outpatient Clinics: Multicenter Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 20(5): 660–667.