Keywords
UHPC shrinkage
Reinforced UHPC slab
Shrinkage prediction
Submitted : 2024-02-26
Accepted : 2024-03-12
Published : 2024-03-27
Abstract
This paper explores the shrinkage of reinforced UHPC under high-temperature steam curing and natural curing conditions. The results are compared with the existing shrinkage prediction models. The results show that the maximum shrinkage strain of reinforced UHPC after steam curing is 164 με and gradually becomes zero. As for natural curing, the maximum shrinkage strain is 173 με and the value stabilizes on the 10th day after pouring. This indicated that steam curing can significantly reduce shrinkage time. Compared with the plain UHPC tested in the previous literature, the structural reinforcement can significantly inhibit the UHPC shrinkage and greatly reduce the risk of cracking due to shrinkage. By comparing the results in this paper with the existing models for predicting the shrinkage strain development, it is found that the formula recommended in the French UHPC structural and technical specification is suitable for the shrinkage curve in the present paper.
References
Soliman NA, Tagnit-Hamou A, 2017, Using Glass Sand as an Alternative for Quartz Sand in UHPC. Construction and Building Materials, 2017(145): 243–252.
Shi CJ, Wu ZM, Xiao JF, et al., 2015, A Review on Ultra High Performance Concrete: Part I. Raw Materials and Mixture Design. Construction and Building Materials, 2015(101): 741¬–751.
Wang DH, Shi CH, Xiao JF, et al., 2015, A Review on Ultra High Performance Concrete: Part II. Hydration, Microstructure and Properties. Construction and Building Materials, 2015(96): 368–377.
Sun Y, Wang SY, Zhou YX, et al., 2021, Development of a Novel Eco-Efficient LC2 Conceptual Cement Based Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) Incorporating Limestone Powder and Calcined Clay Tailings: Design and Performances. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021(315): 128236.
Shao RZ, Wu CQ, Li J, et al., 2022, Investigation on the Mechanical Characteristics of Multiscale Mono/Hybrid Steel Fibre-Reinforced Dry UHPC. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2022(133): 104681.
Liu J, Wu CQ, Liu ZX, et al., 2020, Investigations on the Response of Ceramic Ball Aggregated and Steel Fibre Reinforced Geopolymer-Based Ultra-High Performance Concrete (G-UHPC) to Projectile Penetration. Composite Structures, 2020(255): 112983.
Bajaber MA, Hakeem I, 2020, UHPC Evolution, Development, and Utilization in Construction: A Review. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 10(3): 1058–1074.
Kromoser B, Preinstorfer P, Kollegger J, 2018, Building Lightweight Structures with Carbon?Fiber?Reinforced Polymer?Reinforced Ultra?High?Performance Concrete: Research Approach, Construction Materials, and Conceptual Design of Three Building Components. Structural Concrete, 20(2), 730–744.
Dong Y, 2018, Performance Assessment and Design of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) Structures Incorporating Life-Cycle Cost and Environmental Impacts. Construction and Building Materials, 2018(167): 414–425.
Liu KZ, Yu R, Shui ZS, et al., 2018, Effects of Pumice-Based Porous Material on Hydration Characteristics and Persistent Shrinkage of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC). Materials (Basel), 12(1): 11.
Yang L, Shi CJ, Wu ZM, 2019, Mitigation Techniques for Autogenous Shrinkage of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete - A Review. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2019(178): 107456.
Meng WN, Khayat KK, 2018, Effect of Graphite Nanoplatelets and Carbon Nanofibers on Rheology, Hydration, Shrinkage, Mechanical Properties, and Microstructure of UHPC. Cement and Concrete Research, 2018(105): 64–71.
Kheir J, Klausen A, Hammer TA, et al., 2021, Early Age Autogenous Shrinkage Cracking Risk of an Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) Wall: Modelling and Experimental Results. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2021(257): 108024.
Soliman A, Nehdi M, 2011, Effect of Drying Conditions on Autogenous Shrinkage in Ultra-High Performance Concrete at Early-Age. Materials and Structures, 44(5): 879–899.
Sun M, Bennett T, Visintin P, 2022, Plastic and Early-Age Shrinkage of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC): Experimental Study of the Effect of Water to Binder Ratios, Silica Fume Dosages under Controlled Curing Conditions. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2022(16): e00948.
Androuët C, Charron JP, 2021, Shrinkage Mitigation of an Ultra-High Performance Concrete Submitted to Various Mixing and Curing Conditions. Materials (Basel), 14(14): 3982.
Xie TY, Fang CF, Ali M, et al., 2018, Characterizations of Autogenous and Drying Shrinkage of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC): An Experimental Study. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2018(91) 156–173.
Valipour M, Khayat K, 2018, Coupled Effect of Shrinkage-Mitigating Admixtures and Saturated Lightweight Sand on Shrinkage of UHPC for Overlay Applications. Construction and Building Materials, 2018(184): 320–329.
Meng WN, Khayat K, 2018, Effect of Hybrid Fibers on Fresh Properties, Mechanical Properties, and Autogenous Shrinkage of Cost-Effective UHPC. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 30(4): 04018030.
Yoo DY, Banthia N, Yoon YS, 2018, Geometrical and Boundary Condition Effects on Restrained Shrinkage Behavior of UHPFRC slabs. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 22(1): 185–195.
Yoo DY, Min KH, Lee JH, et al., 2014, Shrinkage and Cracking of Restrained Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Slabs at Early Age. Construction and Building Materials, 2014(73): 357¬–365.
Li WG, Huang ZY, Hu GQ, et al., 2016, Early-age Shrinkage Development of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete under Heat Curing Treatment. Construction and Building Materials, 131(1): 767¬–774.
Zhang Z, 2016, Study on Flexural and Tensile Properties of Steel-Reinforced UHPC Composite Deck Structure, thesis, Hunan University, Hunan.
Shao XD, Hu JH, 2015, Steel-ultra-high Performance Concrete Light Composite Bridge Structure. China Communications Press, Beijing.
Graybeal B, 2006, Material Property Characterization of Ultra-High Performance Concrete. U.S. Department of Transportation, Virginia.
Eppers S, Müller C, 2008, Autogenous Shrinkage Strain of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC), Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on UHPC, Kassel, Germany, 2008, 433–441.
Ichinomiya T, Hishiki Y, Ohno T, et al., 2005, Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High-Strength Concrete with Low-Autogenous-Shrinkage. Symposium Paper, 2005(228): 1341–1352.
Lallemant-Gamboa I, Chanut S, Lombard JP, 2005, Formulations, Characterizations and Applications of Ultra High-Performance Concrete. Proceedings of Seventh International Symposium on the Utilization of High Strength/High-Performance Concrete, 2005(228): 1221–1236.
Ekkehard I, Leutbecher T, Bunje K, 2004, Design Relevant Properties of Hardened Ultra High Performance Concrete. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ultra High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, 2004, 327–338.
Yoo DY, Park JJ, Kim SW, et al., 2014, Influence of Reinforcing Bar Type on Autogenous Shrinkage Stress and Bond Behavior of Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2014(48): 150–161.
Oesterlee C, 2010, Structural Response of Reinforced UHPFRC and RC Composite Members, thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland.
Shao XD, Li ZH, Wu JJ, et. al., 2017, Test on Local Repair Technology of Steel-UHPC Light Composite Bridge Deck. Journal of China Highway, 30(7): 58–64.
Bazant ZP, Baweja S, 2000, Creep and Shrinkage Prediction Model for Analysis and Design of Concrete Structures: Model B3. ACI Special Publications, 2000(194): 1–84.
ACI Committee 318, 2008, Standardization of Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary. American Concrete Institute, Miami.
CEB-FIP, 1993, 90. Design of Concrete Structures. CEB-FIP-Model-Code 1990. British Standard Institution, London.
CEB-FIP, 1999, Textbook on Behavior, Design and Performance Vol. 1. International Federation for Structural Concrete, Lausanne, Switzerland, 43–46.
Mazloom M, 2008, Estimating Long-Term Creep and Shrinkage of High-Strength Concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 30(4): 316–326.
Brühwiler E, 2016, Recommendation: Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Cement-based Composites (UHPFRC), Construction Material, Dimensioning and Application. Lausanne, Switzerland.
NF P18-710, 2016, National Addition to Eurocode 2 - Design of Concrete Structures: Specific Rules for Ultra-High Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC). AFNOR, French Standard Institute.