Proceedings of Anticancer Research

Analysis of the Application Effect of Laparoscopy Combined with Choledochoscopy in the Treatment of Difficult Cholelithiasis

2026-02-09T09:18:01+08:00

Objective: To analyze the therapeutic effect of laparoscopy combined with choledochoscopy in the treatment of difficult cholelithiasis. Methods: A total of 60 patients with difficult cholelithiasis admitted for treatment from January 2022 to December 2024 were selected and evenly divided into two groups using a random number table. The combined group received laparoscopy combined with choledochoscopy treatment, while the single group received laparoscopy treatment alone. The total treatment efficacy, perioperative indicators, angiotensin (Ang) levels, quality of life scores, and complication rates were compared between the two groups. Results: The total treatment efficacy in the combined group was higher than that in the single group; except for operative time, the perioperative indicators in the combined group were superior to those in the single group; the Ang levels after treatment in the combined group were lower than those in the single group, and the quality of life scores were higher (P < 0.05). The complication rate in the combined group was lower than that in the single group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Laparoscopy combined with choedochoscopy can enhance the treatment effectiveness for patients with difficult cholelithiasis, improve perioperative indicators, regulate their Ang levels, elevate quality of life, and demonstrate high surgical safety.

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase is a Prognostic Biomarker and Correlated with Immune Infiltrates in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2026-02-09T10:46:16+08:00

Objective: To investigate the correlation between the expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and the clinicopathological characteristics, prognosis and immune cell infiltration of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: The expression of G6PD in liver cancer tissues and normal tissues is extracted from TCGA and GEO databases, validated by immunohistochemistry, and the correlation between G6PD expression and clinical features is analyzed. The clinical significance of G6PD in liver cancer is assessed by Kaplan-Meier, Cox regression, and prognostic line graph models. Functional enrichment analysis is performed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, GO/KEGG, GSEA and for G6PD-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). TIMER and ssGSEA packages are used to assess the correlation between expression and the level of immune cell infiltration. Results: Analysis of TCGA and GEO datasets revealed that G6PD expression is significantly upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues (P < 0.001). G6PD expression is associated with histological grade, pathological stage, T-stage, vascular infiltration, and AFP level (P < 0.05); HCC patients in the low G6PD expression group had longer overall survival and better prognosis compared with the high G6PD expression group (P < 0.05). The level of G6PD expression affects the levels of macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and follicular helper T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Conclusion: High expression of G6PD is a potential biomarker for poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, and G6PD may be a target for immunotherapy of HCC.

A Review on the Association between Dyslipidemia, Glucose Tolerance, and Coronary Heart Disease Risk

2026-02-09T09:17:47+08:00

As one of the main chronic diseases in modern society, coronary heart disease, as a major disease that affects people’s lives and health, has the characteristics of hidden onset and sudden onset. Coronary heart disease has relatively clear risk factors. Among them, blood lipid levels and blood sugar levels, as two main risk factors, play an important role in promoting the onset of coronary heart disease. The two complement each other in a vicious cycle, synergize and promote each other, promote the process of coronary atherosclerosis, thereby causing coronary heart disease. Multiple components in blood lipids and poor management of long-term blood sugar levels play a major role in specific clinical problems. This article reviews the different components of blood lipids and the effects of hyperglycemia on coronary heart disease, and initially expounds the mechanism by which blood lipids and blood sugar levels synergize each other to aggravate the risk of coronary heart disease, and combines them with relevant clinical issues, in order to help clinicians guide the prevention of coronary heart disease in terms of blood lipids and blood sugar levels.

SIRT Visualization and Hotspot Analysis Based on The Web of Science Database for the Treatment of Liver Neoplasms

2026-02-09T09:17:59+08:00

Selective internal radiation therapy using yttrium-90 has been used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and other malignant tumors that have spread to the liver locally. The authors used the bibliometric approach in response to the neoplasms, using the keyword “Yttrium 90 AND Liver Neoplasms” as a search parameter and then looked up pertinent English-language literature in the Web of Science core collection database’s self-built database through November 30, 2025. For statistical analysis and literature management, EndNote and Excel tools were utilized. In addition to co-citation and emergent keyword analysis of authors, VOSviewer and CiteSpace were utilized for social network and chronological order of countries, institutions, authors, and keywords. The aim of this study was to serve as a reference for future research by methodically sorting through the international research literature on Yttrium 90 treatment of liver neoplasms and summarizing the research status and hot trends in this field. In recent years, research focus has increasingly shifted toward high-quality, multi-center clinical trials that combine SIRT-targeted systemic therapy with hepatectomy following the descending stage. This approach is likely to remain a significant research trend in the field.

Single-cell Sequencing: Application in the Study of Disseminated Tumour Cells and Breast Cancer Treatment

2026-02-09T09:17:45+08:00

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor originating from breast epithelial tissue. In essence, breast epithelial cells undergo gene mutation under the influence of carcinogenic factors, leading to abnormal cell proliferation and loss of organism regulation, ultimately leading to the formation of tumors with invasive and metastatic capabilities. Carcinogenic factors of breast cancer involve multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms. Among them, disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) are considered important for treating breast cancer. However, traditional bulk sequencing techniques have limitations, such as the inability to distinguish individual cell differences and dilution of information from key cell subpopulations (such as cancer stem cells and rare immune cells). Single-cell sequencing (scRNA-seq) overcomes the heterogeneity of tumors that traditional sequencing cannot capture by analysing the molecular characteristics of single cells, providing a high-resolution perspective for precise typing of breast cancer, exploration of the mechanism of the microenvironment, and personalized treatment. Through this technology, researchers can identify specific gene expression profiles of different cell subpopulations, thus providing a new basis for the molecular typing and personalized treatment of breast cancer. This article explains how single-cell sequencing is used to describe the origin of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs), analyse tumor heterogeneity, metastasis, etc., and review the current literature on the use of scRNA-seq in breast cancer treatment. In the future, cell separation and processing steps in single-cell sequencing will be further improved to ensure the accuracy of the results and broader application in clinical diagnosis and treatment.

The Impact of Double-puncture Tympanic Membrane Puncture and Tympanic Cavity Drug Injection on the Complication Rate of Acute Secretory Otitis Media

2026-02-09T09:17:42+08:00

Objective: To explore the therapeutic effect of double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection in patients with acute secretory otitis media. Methods: A total of 84 patients with acute secretory otitis media admitted to our hospital from June 2024 to June 2025 were selected and randomly divided into two groups by drawing lots. The control group (42 cases) was treated with the traditional single-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection method, while the observation group (42 cases) was treated with the double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection method. The therapeutic effects of the two groups were compared. Results: The overall treatment response rate, overall complication rate, time to symptom relief, and improvement in hearing threshold in the observation group were all superior to those in the control group, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Conclusion: For acute secretory otitis media, the treatment method of double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection demonstrates definite efficacy, significantly reducing the incidence of complications, accelerating symptom relief, and improving hearing function, making it worthy of promotion.

Research Progress on Malnutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Children with Leukemia During Chemotherapy

2026-02-09T09:17:56+08:00

This study systematically analyzed the primary causes of malnutrition in children with leukemia during chemotherapy, clarified the status of malnutrition and specific nutritional intervention measures, and comprehensively evaluated the research progress. The research indicates a shift from basic supportive care toward precision intervention strategies. Immunonutrition approaches, such as omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and probiotics for gut microbiota modulation, significantly mitigate chemotherapy-related side effects and enhance nutritional status. These targeted novel regimens demonstrate clear clinical advantages. The success of nutritional management depends on a multidisciplinary collaboration mechanism. The organic integration of innovative nutritional protocols with standard treatments from hematology, pediatrics, and nutrition departments significantly optimizes treatment outcomes and long-term quality of life for children with leukemia. This interdisciplinary synergy is reshaping contemporary medical models.

Advances in Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras

2026-02-09T09:17:38+08:00

In recent years, proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) have gained widespread attention as an emerging therapeutic approach. PROTACs are bifunctional molecules composed of a target protein-binding ligand, an E3 ubiquitin ligase ligand, and a linker connecting these ligands. By harnessing the cell’s intrinsic ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), they promote the ubiquitination of specific target proteins, leading to their degradation and therapeutic effects. PROTACs show exceptional promise in targeting conventional “undruggable” targets compared to traditional small-molecule inhibitors. This review provides an overview of PROTACs, including their molecular mechanism of action, therapeutic benefits, development history, key design aspects, current research and development challenges, and future trends in next-generation PROTAC technology.

The Immunomodulatory, Anti-Tumor, and Metabolic Regulatory Effects of Fraction D of Polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa: Clinical Experiments and Mechanistic Insights

2026-02-09T09:17:40+08:00

Grifola frondosa (Maitake) is traditionally valued for its health benefits, with polysaccharides being key bioactive components. This paper investigates a specific subfraction, Fraction D (GFP-D), evaluating its clinical effects and mechanisms in immune enhancement, adjunctive anti-tumor activity, and regulation of glucose/lipid metabolism. Three clinical trials were conducted. In an immune study, 120 healthy volunteers (CD4+ T cell count 500–1000 cells/μL) received 150 mg/day GFP-D for 8 weeks, resulting in significant increases in CD4+ T cells (from 632 ± 95 to 812 ± 108 cells/μL, 28.5% increase, within the physiological activation range), CD4+/CD8+ ratio, NK cell activity, IL-2, and IFN-γ (all P < 0.001 vs. placebo). An anti-tumor study with 80 advanced cancer patients (stratified by age, tumor stage, and histotype) showed that adding 1000 mg/day GFP-D to chemotherapy improved objective response rate (52.5% vs. 30.0%, P = 0.036, 95% CI: 1.02–3.87), one-year progression-free survival (55.8% vs. 33.3%, P = 0.022), and preserved immune parameters versus chemotherapy alone. A metabolic study in 90 type 2 diabetes patients found that 400 mg/day GFP-D for 12 weeks significantly lowered fasting glucose, HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C, while raising HDL-C (from 1.0 ± 0.2 to 1.2 ± 0.2 mmol/L, 20% increase, supported by increased AMPK phosphorylation). Mechanistically, immune enhancement involves macrophage/dendritic cell activation via Dectin-1/TLR4 receptors (confirmed by increased receptor expression and downstream signaling molecules), promoting cytokine-driven T/NK cell responses. Anti-tumor effects stem from immunomodulation, direct induction of cancer cell apoptosis (via mitochondrial/caspase pathways, verified by increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 activation), and angiogenesis inhibition by downregulating VEGF. Metabolic benefits are linked to AMPK pathway activation in liver/muscle (confirmed by increased p-AMPK/AMPK ratio), enhancing glucose uptake and inhibiting gluconeogenesis/lipogenesis, alongside modulation of gut microbiota (increased Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus abundance). All trials reported no severe adverse events related to GFP-D; liver/kidney function parameters (ALT, AST, creatinine, urea nitrogen) remained within normal ranges throughout the intervention. Collectively, GFP-D emerges as a multi-functional bioactive agent with substantial therapeutic potential.

Imaging Findings of Sarcomatoid Carcinoma of the Ureter: A Case Report

2026-02-09T09:17:36+08:00

Background: Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the ureter (SCU) is a highly aggressive and relatively uncommon malignant tumor of the urinary tract. Its frequency is quite low, and its prognosis is very bad when compared to other cancers of the urinary system. SCU clinical reports are still hard to come by. MRI and PEI/CT imaging of ureteral sarcomatoid cancer is presented in this case to promote diagnostic awareness and comprehension of the imaging characteristics of this uncommon illness. Method: The patient had ureteral sarcomatoid cancer, which was verified by pathological investigation after ureteroscopic biopsy. The patient’s clinical information, imaging results, surgical outcomes, and pathological findings were gathered. A retrospective study was carried out in combinationwith pertinent national and international literature. Results: An 84-year-old female patient was admitted for “left flank discomfort lasting over one month.” MRI revealed an irregular soft tissue mass in the middle-lower segment of the left ureter. T2-weighted imaging showed an unevenly slightly hyperintense signal. Diffusion-weighted imaging demonstrated restricted diffusion. Contrast-enhanced imaging exhibited heterogeneous enhancement. PET/CT demonstrated significantly increased fluorodeoxyglucose metabolism in the mass with secondary left upper urinary tract obstruction. Concurrent findings included a solitary metastatic lesion in hepatic segment S6 and multiple lymph node metastases along the left common iliac and external iliac arteries. Preoperative diagnosis suggested a malignant tumor of the ureter. The patient underwent left nephroureteroscopy with biopsy, and the postoperative pathological diagnosis was ureteral sarcomatoid carcinoma. Conclusion: Ureteral sarcomatoid carcinoma is a rare, highly malignant, and aggressive tumor with nonspecific imaging features, typically presenting as an invasively growing mass. Diagnosis relies on postoperative pathology and immunohistochemical examination. MRI and PET/CT scans are valuable for preoperative localization and characterization, tumor staging, treatment planning, and postoperative follow-up. The prognosis is extremely negative. The main treatment option is radical surgery, although constant monitoring is necessary since early recurrence and metastases are frequent after surgery.

Analysis of Long-term Prognosis and Cosmetic Outcomes of Breast-conserving Surgery Combined with Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Early-stage Breast Cancer

2026-02-09T09:17:34+08:00

Objective: To investigate the long-term prognosis and postoperative cosmetic outcomes of breast-conserving surgery combined with sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with early-stage breast cancer, providing a reference for the selection of clinical treatment plans. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 68 patients with early-stage breast cancer admitted from January 2022 to December 2025. Based on the surgical approach, patients were divided into an observation group (breast-conserving surgery + sentinel lymph node biopsy) and a control group (other surgical methods such as modified radical mastectomy/total mastectomy). Clinical and pathological characteristics, incidence of postoperative complications, follow-up prognosis, and satisfaction with cosmetic outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results: Among the 68 patients, 41 were in the observation group and 27 in the control group. The average age of patients in the observation group was (54.32 ± 8.15) years, while that in the control group was (62.45 ± 9.76) years. The average tumor size in the observation group was (1.86 ± 0.72) cm, compared to (3.21 ± 1.45) cm in the control group. The incidence of postoperative complications in the observation group was 9.76%, significantly lower than that in the control group at 33.33% (P < 0.05). The 6-month disease-free survival rate was 95.12% in the observation group and 88.89% in the control group, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). The excellent and good rate of cosmetic outcomes in the observation group was 87.80%, significantly higher than that in the control group at 29.63% (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Breast-conserving surgery combined with sentinel lymph node biopsy for early-stage breast cancer can achieve long-term prognostic outcomes comparable to those of traditional radical surgery, with the advantages of fewer postoperative complications and superior cosmetic results. This approach is worthy of clinical promotion and application, particularly for early-stage breast cancer patients who have a demand for preserving breast morphology.

Cerebral Tuberculoma on the Left Frontal Lobe

2026-02-09T09:17:32+08:00

Cerebral tuberculoma, a rare extrapulmonary tuberculosis manifestation, was reported in a 70-year-old man presenting with seizure-like episodes. MRI revealed a 13.6 × 45.1 × 7.9 mm left frontal extra-axial lesion with T1-isointense/T2-hyperintense signals, marked contrast enhancement, and adjacent leptomeningeal thickening. Negative thoracic/abdominal CT and inflammatory CSF findings initially suggested a neoplasm. Histopathological examination of the resected lesion confirmed granulomatous inflammation with acid-fast bacilli, thereby leading to the diagnosis. This case report emphasizes the importance of considering tuberculous granuloma in older patients with intracranial masses and inconclusive CSF studies. Multi-model imaging combined with biopsy remains critical for definitive diagnosis. Early surgical intervention and antitubercular therapy may improve outcomes.

Observation on the Efficacy and Mechanism of Blood- Letting and Cupping Therapy in Improving Upper Limb Lymphedema after Breast Cancer Surgery

2026-02-09T09:17:54+08:00

Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of blood-letting cupping combined with manual lymphatic drainage in treating breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) and explore its mechanism of action from both traditional Chinese medicine and modern medical perspectives, providing a scientific basis and novel therapeutic approaches for clinical management of BCRL. Methods: Patients with BCRL admitted to the outpatient and inpatient departments of Hebei University Affiliated Hospital were enrolled. A prospective randomized controlled trial design was adopted, with eligible patients randomly assigned to a treatment group and a control group. The control group received manual lymphatic drainage alone, while the treatment group received manual lymphatic drainage combined with blood-letting cupping therapy. Post-treatment comparisons evaluated upper limb circumference reduction, edema severity grading, and upper limb functional scores. Vital signs and adverse reactions during treatment were recorded for both groups. Statistical software analyzed the data. Results: The treatment group demonstrated significantly greater reduction in upper limb circumference, improvement in edema severity, and higher upper limb function scores compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Vital signs remained stable throughout treatment in both groups. No severe adverse reactions occurred in the treatment group; only isolated cases of mild skin itching were reported, which resolved after symptomatic management. Conclusion: The combination of blood-letting cupping and manual lymphatic drainage demonstrates reliable efficacy in treating BCRL, effectively alleviating edema symptoms and improving upper limb function with high safety. Its mechanism may relate to traditional Chinese medicine principles of “unblocking meridians, promoting blood circulation, and resolving stasis” and modern medical concepts of “enhancing local blood circulation, facilitating lymphatic drainage, and reducing inflammatory responses”.

Expression and Clinical Significance of PKM2 and SERBP1 in Colorectal Cancer

2026-02-09T09:17:52+08:00

Objective: To investigate the expression of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and RNA binding proteins 1 (SERBP1) in colorectal cancer (CRC) and their clinical significance. Methods: A total of 101 cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues and their corresponding adjacent tissues were collected from our hospital from December 2020 to December 2023. The immunohistochemical Elivision method was used to detect the expression of PKM2 and SERBP1 in CRC and corresponding adjacent tissues. The experimental data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS 27.0. Results: The expression rates of PKM2 and SERBP1 in CRC were higher than those in adjacent tissues. The expression of PKM2 was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and TNM stage. The expression of SERBP1 was positively correlated with the degree of differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage of CRC. Conclusion: PKM2 and SERBP1 may promote the occurrence and tumor progression of CRC, but further experimental research is still needed.

Research on the Impact of Different Lymph Node Dissection Scopes on Postoperative Recurrence and Survival Rates in Patients with Early Gastric Cancer

2026-02-09T09:17:27+08:00

Objective: To investigate the impact of different lymph node dissection scopes on postoperative recurrence and survival rates in patients with early gastric cancer, providing evidence-based support for optimizing clinical surgical plans. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 100 patients with early gastric cancer who underwent surgical treatment at our hospital from October 2021 to October 2023. Patients were divided into Group D1 (n = 50) and Group D2 (n =50) based on the extent of lymph node dissection. Group D1 underwent limited lymph node dissection (dissection of the first station of lymph nodes around the stomach), while Group D2 underwent standard lymph node dissection (dissection of the first and second stations of lymph nodes around the stomach). Surgical-related indicators, the incidence of postoperative complications, the 2-year recurrence rate, and the 2-year survival rate were compared between the two groups of patients. Results: The operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, and the number of lymph nodes dissected were significantly higher in the D2 group than in the D1 group (all P < 0.001). The overall incidence of postoperative complications was higher in the D1 group than in the D2 group, but the difference was not statistically significant (χ² = 0.884, P = 0.766). After a 2-year follow-up, the recurrence rate was significantly higher in the D1 group than in the D2 group (χ² = 4.000, P = 0.046). The 2-year survival rate was significantly lower in the D1 group than in the D2 group (χ² = 5.005, P = 0.025). A total of 100 patients with early-stage gastric cancer were grouped according to the depth of invasion, degree of differentiation, and lymph node metastasis status, and the recurrence rates of different subgroups were compared. The results showed that the recurrence rate was higher in patients with T1b stage than in those with T1a stage (χ² = 5.005, P = 0.025), higher in poorly differentiated patients than in moderately and well-differentiated patients (χ² = 4.155, P = 0.042), and higher in patients with lymph node metastasis than in those without lymph node metastasis (χ² = 4.512, P = 0.034). Conclusion: Compared with D1 limited lymph node dissection, D2 standard lymph node dissection can significantly reduce the postoperative recurrence rate and improve the 2-year survival rate in patients with early-stage gastric cancer without significantly increasing the risk of postoperative complications. Although the surgical trauma is slightly greater, the overall prognosis is better, making it a preferred surgical treatment option for patients with early-stage gastric cancer.