Keywords
Fucoxanthin
Ultrasonics
Extraction
Optimization
TLC
DPPH
Antimicrobial antioxidant activities
Submitted : 2024-08-28
Accepted : 2024-09-12
Published : 2024-09-27
Abstract
Macroalgae serve as a potential feedstock for fucoxanthin extraction. Fucoxanthin, a bioactive pigment found in the chloroplasts of marine algae, exhibits significant pharmacological properties. As a member of the carotenoid family, fucoxanthin plays a crucial role in both the food and pharmaceutical industries. This research explores the effects of ultrasonics on the extraction of fucoxanthin from the marine macroalga Padina australis. In addition, various extraction techniques and the influence of solvents on the efficient separation of fucoxanthin from algae have been studied and compared. Using methanol, chloroform, and a combination of methanol and chloroform (1:1, v/v), conventional fucoxanthin extraction from Padina australis yielded 8.12 mg of fucoxanthin per gram of biomass. However, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction resulted in a significantly higher yield of 16.9 mg of fucoxanthin per gram of biomass, demonstrating that the use of ultrasonics enhances the extraction rate compared to conventional methods. Therefore, the efficient separation of fucoxanthin from Padina australis is highly dependent on ultrasonic-assisted extraction. The process conditions for the extraction were optimized to maximize the yield of fucoxanthin from seaweeds. The following parameters were selected for optimization studies: moisture content, particle size, mixing speed, extraction temperature, extraction duration, and solid-to-solvent ratio. The extracted fucoxanthin exhibited various biological activities, including antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, and its structure was elucidated through FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. Additionally, thin-layer chromatography of the crude algae extracts confirmed the presence of fucoxanthin in the marine algae. Given these findings, the optimized extraction process holds the potential for scaling up to large-scale fucoxanthin production. Fucoxanthin, as a potent pharmacological agent, offers promising applications in the treatment of various ailments.
References
Mohibbullah M, Haque MN, Sohag AAM, et al., 2022, A Systematic Review on Marine Algae-Derived Fucoxanthin: An Update of Pharmacological Insights. Mar Drugs, 20(5): 279. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20050279
Barsanti L, Gualtieri P, 2022, Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology, 3rd Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003187707
Guiry MD, 2012, How Many Species of Algae Are There? J Phycol, 48(5): 1057–1063. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01222.x
Ibañez E, Herrero M, Mendiola JA, et al., 2011, Extraction and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds with Health Benefits from Marine Resources: Macro and Micro Algae, Cyanobacteria, and Invertebrates, in Marine Bioactive Compounds. Springer, Boston, Massachusetts, 55–98. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1247-2_2
Michalak I, Chojnacka K, 2015, Algae as Production Systems of Bioactive Compounds. Engineering in Life Sciences, 15(2): 160–176. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.201400191
Koyande AK, Chew KW, Rambabu K, et al., 2019, Microalgae: A Potential Alternative to Health Supplementation for Humans. Food Science and Human Wellness, 8(1): 16–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2019.03.001
Dewi IC, Falaise C, Hellio C, et al., 2018, Anticancer, Antiviral, Antibacterial, and Antifungal Properties in Microalgae, in Microalgae in Health and Disease Prevention. Academic Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 235–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811405-6.00012-8
Tiwari A, Melchor-Martínez EM, Saxena A, et al., 2021, Therapeutic Attributes and Applied Aspects of Biological Macromolecules (Polypeptides, Fucoxanthin, Sterols, Fatty Acids, Polysaccharides, and Polyphenols) from Diatoms – A Review. Int J Biol Macromol, 171: 398–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.219
Aumeerun S, Soulange-Govinden J, Driver MF, et al., 2019, Macroalgae and Microalgae: Novel Sources of Functional Food and Feed, in Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 1st Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Ponpandian S, 2022, Isolation, Structure Elucidation and Biological Activity of Marine Natural Products, in Marine Nutraceuticals; Challenges and Opportunities. Research Culture Society and Publication, Gujarat, 59–65.
Mubaiwa BT, 2014, The Quantification of Fucoxanthin from Selected South African Marine Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) Using HPLC-UV/Vis, dissertation, Rhodes University.
Zhang H, Tang Y, Zhang Y, et al., 2015, Fucoxanthin: A Promising Medicinal and Nutritional Ingredient. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2015: 723515. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/723515
Leong YK, Chen CY, Varjani S, et al., 2022, Producing Fucoxanthin from Algae – Recent Advances in Cultivation Strategies and Downstream Processing. Bioresour Technol, 344(Pt A): 126170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126170
Matos GS, Pereira SG, Genisheva ZA, et al., 2021, Advances in Extraction Methods to Recover Added-Value Compounds from Seaweeds: Sustainability and Functionality. Foods, 10(3): 516. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10030516
Poojary MM, Barba FJ, Aliakbarian B, et al., 2016, Innovative Alternative Technologies to Extract Carotenoids from Microalgae and Seaweeds. Mar Drugs, 14(11): 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/md14110214
Flora LAC, Shanmugam K, Sahadevan R, 2023, Ultrasonic Method on the Extraction of Fucoxanthin from Marine Macro Algae Padina australis. Austin Chem Eng, 10(2): 1100
Wright SW, Jeffrey SW, Mantoura RFC, et al., 1991, Improved HPLC Method for the Analysis of Chlorophylls and Carotenoids from Marine Phytoplankton. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 77(2–3): 183–196.
Kumar Chandini S, Ganesan P, Bhaskar N, 2008, In Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Three Selected Brown Seaweeds of India. Food Chemistry, 107(2): 707–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.081
Englert G, Aakermann T, Liaaen-Jensen S, 1993, NMR Studies on Natural All-Trans-(9’Z,11’Z)-(3R,3’S,5’R,6’R)-Pyrrhoxanthin, An Acetylenic C37-Skeletal Nor-Carotenoid Butenolide. Magn Reson Chem, 31(10): 910–915. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1260311007
Kanazawa K, Ozaki Y, Hashimoto T, et al., 2008, Commercial-scale Preparation of Biofunctional Fucoxanthin from Waste Parts of Brown Sea Algae Laminalia japonica. Food Science and Technology Research, 14(6): 573–582.
Noviendri D, Jaswir I, Salleh HM, et al., 2011, Fucoxanthin Extraction and Fatty Acid Analysis of Sargassum binderi and S. duplicatum. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(11): 2405–2412.
Shang YF, Kim SM, Lee WJ, et al., 2011, Pressurized Liquid Method for Fucoxanthin Extraction from Eisenia bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell. J Biosci Bioeng, 111(2): 237–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.10.008
Mise T, Ueda M, Yasumoto T, 2011, Production of Fucoxanthin-Rich Powder from Cladosiphon okamuranus. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 3(1): 73–76.
Hii SL, Choong PY, Woo KK, et al., 2010, Stability Studies of Fucoxanthin from Sargassum binderi. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(10): 4580–4584.
Taylor D, Nixon S, Granger S, et al., 1995, Nutrient Limitation and the Eutrophication of Coastal Lagoons. Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 127: 235–244.
Viaroli P, Azzoni R, Bartoli M, et al., 2001, Evolution of the Trophic Conditions and Dystrophic Outbreaks in the Sacca di Goro Lagoon (Northern Adriatic Sea), in Structures and Processes in the Mediterranean Ecosystems. Springer, Milano, 467–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2105-1_59
Zailanie K, Purnomo H, 2011, Fucoxanthin Content of Five Species Brown Seaweed from Talango District, Madura Island. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 1: 1103–1105.
Roh MK, Uddin MS, Chun BS, 2008, Extraction of Fucoxanthin and Polyphenol from Undaria pinnatifida Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide with Co-Solvent. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 13: 724–729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-008-0104-6