Keywords
Biliary tract
Cholangiocarcinoma
Diagnosis
Submitted : 2021-08-29
Accepted : 2021-09-13
Published : 2021-09-28
Abstract
Epidemiological data show that the incidence rate of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has been increasing over the past 20 years. Due to its concealment of clinical manifestations, most patients are diagnosed with CCA at a late stage. On this premise, this review not only discusses the research progress related to CCA diagnosis, but also focuses on the concept of circulating tumor cell (CTC), its evaluation value, application, and prospects for the early diagnosis of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
References
Roberto G, Augusto V, 2016, Circulating Tumor Cells and Cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology, 63: 23-25.
Blechacz B, Komuta M, Roskams T, et al., 2011, Clinical Diagnosis and Staging of Cholangiocarcinoma. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 8: 512-522.
Banales Jesus M, Marin Jose JG, Lamarca A, et al., 2020, Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: The Next Horizon in Mechanisms and Management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 17: 557-588.
Fabris L, Cadamuro M, Moserle L, et al., Nuclear Expression of S100A4 Calcium-Binding Protein Increases Cholangiocarcinoma Invasiveness and Metastasization. Hepatology, 54: 890-899.
Chapman MH, Sandanayake NS, Andreola F, et al., 2011, Circulating CYFRA 21-1 is a Specific Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Biliary Tract Cancer. J Clin Exp Hepatol, 1: 6-12.
Sia D, Losic B, Moeini A, et al., 2015, Massive Parallel Sequencing Uncovers Actionable FGFR2-PPHLN1 Fusion and ARAF Mutations in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Nat Commun, 6: 6087.
Aceto N, Bardia A, Miyamoto DT, et al., 2014, Circulating Tumor Cell Clusters are Oligoclonal Precursors of Breast Cancer Metastasis. Cell, 158: 1110-1122.
Labgaa I, Villanueva A, 2015, Liquid Biopsy in Liver Cancer. Discov Med, 19: 263-273.
Gopinathan P, Chiang NJ, Bandaru A, et al., 2020, Exploring Circulating Tumor Cells in Cholangiocarcinoma Using a Novel Glycosaminoglycan Probe on a Microfluidic Platform. Adv Healthc Mater, 9: e1901875.
Pantel K, Alix-Panabières C, 2017, Liquid Biopsy in 2016: Circulating Tumour Cells and Cell-Free DNA in Gastrointestinal Cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 14: 73-74.
Li Y, Gong J, Zhang Q, et al., 2016, Dynamic Monitoring of Circulating Tumour Cells to Evaluate Therapeutic Efficacy in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Br J Cancer, 114: 138-145.
Keller L, Pantel K, 2019, Unravelling Tumour Heterogeneity by Single-Cell Profiling of Circulating Tumour Cells. Nat Rev Cancer, 19: 553-567.
Gulbahce, N et al. Quantitative whole genome sequencing of circulating tumor cells enables personalized combination therapy of metastatic cancer[J]. Cancer Res. 77, 4530-4541 (2017).
Wrage M, Ruosaari S, Eijk PP, et al., 2009, Genomic Profiles Associated with Early Micrometastasis in Lung Cancer: Relevance of 4q Deletion. Clin Cancer Res, 15: 1566-1574.
Wikman H, Lamszus K, Detels N, et al., 2012, Relevance of PTEN Loss in Brain Metastasis Formation in Breast Cancer Patients. Breast Cancer Res, 14: R49.
Fluegen G, Avivar-Valderas A, Wang Y, et al., 2017, Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Disseminated Tumour Cells is Preset by Primary Tumour Hypoxic Microenvironments. Nat Cell Biol, 19: 120-132.
Boral D, Vishnoi M, Liu HN, et al., 2017, Molecular Characterization of Breast Cancer CTCs Associated with Brain Metastasis. Nat Commun, 8: 196.
Aceto N, Bardia A, Wittner BS, et al., 2018, AR Expression in Breast Cancer CTCs Associates with Bone Metastases. Mol Cancer Res, 16: 720-727.
Chang YS, di Tomaso E, McDonald DM, et al., 2000, Mosaic Blood Vessels in Tumors: Frequency of Cancer Cells in Contact with Flowing Blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 97: 14608-14613.
Lucci A, Hall CS, Lodhi AK, et al., 2012, Circulating Tumour Cells in Non-Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Prospective Study. Lancet Oncol, 13: 688-95.
Rack B, Schindlbeck C, Jückstock J, et al., 2014, Circulating Tumor Cells Predict Survival in Early Average-to-High Risk Breast Cancer Patients. J Natl Cancer Inst, 106: undefined.
Cohen SJ, Punt CJA, Iannotti N, et al., 2008, Relationship of Circulating Tumor Cells to Tumor Response, Progression-Free Survival, and Overall Survival in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. J Clin Oncol, 26: 3213-3221.
Yang JD, Campion MB, Liu MC, et al., 2016, Circulating Tumor Cells are Associated with Poor Overall Survival in Patients with Cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology, 63: 148-58.
Ahn JC, Teng PC, Chen PJ, et al., 2021, Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells and Their Implications as a Biomarker for Diagnosis, Prognostication, and Therapeutic Monitoring in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hepatology, 73: 422-436.