Clinical Neuroscience Research

Safety Study of Monosialotetrahexosylganglioside Sodium in the Treatment of Stroke

Yingxin Wang, Wenjing Lei, Peng Wang, Chang Zhou, Shoucheng Zhang — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Objective: To retrospectively analyze the safety and efficacy of monosialotetrahexosylganglioside sodium (GM1) in the treatment of stroke, and to provide a reference for clinical rational drug use. Methods: This study was a multicenter, single-arm, retrospective, observational study, which recruited stroke patients who were treated with GM1 from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2023, as the research subjects, analyzed their adverse events and grades, and performed chi-square test and t-test on NIHSS scores and Barthel before and after intervention. Compare the scores before and after. Results: A total of 4405 patients were enrolled, and the NIHSS score of the patients decreased and the Barthel score increased after GM1 intervention, and there was a significant statistical difference before and after intervention (P < 0.05). A total of 1635 patients had adverse events, and 99.4% were mild, and severe was not seen. Conclusion: In this study, GM1 has high safety and significant efficacy in the treatment of stroke, and results suggest potential for clinical application, subject to further validation.

Efficacy and Safety of Monosialotetrahexosylgangl ioside Sodium in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Real-World Study

Meixue Dong, Weida Fu, Xin Xu — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) based on real-world data. Methods: From March 2022 to January 2023, patients with AIS treated with GM1 were included in this study. Functional outcomes were assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and the NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at baseline and at 2, 6, and 10 weeks after treatment initiation. Safety was evaluated through adverse event (AE) monitoring. Results: A total of 1772 patients with AIS were collected for analysis after the exclusion of the exclusion criteria. GM1 treatment significantly improved functional outcomes. The mRS score decreased from a baseline of 1.32 to 0.97 at the third follow-up (mean reduction: 0.35 points, P < 0.05). The NIHSS score decreased from 5.14 to 2.32 (mean reduction: 2.82 points, P < 0.05). A total of 128 AEs were reported in 98 patients (5.5%). The majority of AEs were mild to moderate (124 events, 7.0%), with only 4 severe AEs (Grade 3, 0.2%) observed. No life-threatening or fatal AEs occurred. Conclusion: GM1 treatment significantly improves the mRS score and NIHSS score of AIS patients, and the safety is high. AIS patients showed obvious advantages in neurological function recovery after GM1 treatment, and these results provide a clinical basis for GM1 in the real diagnosis and treatment environment of AIS patients.

Real-world Study of Citicoline on the Neurological Prognosis of Acute and Convalescent Patients with Ischemic Stroke

Yue Qu, Yuan Wang, Kun Wang, Yanhua Zheng, Wei Shang — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Objective: To evaluate the effect and safety of citicoline on the improvement of neurological function in patients with ischemic stroke. Methods: The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score were analyzed in 8780 patients with ischemic stroke who received citicoline therapy from January 2023 to April 2024 at 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months after treatment. Results: With the prolongation of treatment, the MMSE and NIHSS scores of the patients improved significantly, and the total clinical effectiveness rate at three months was 43.08%. The incidence of adverse reactions was 0.14%, mainly mild gastrointestinal reactions and central nervous system reactions. Conclusion: Citicoline has a significant effect on improving neurological function in patients with ischemic stroke, and its safety is high.

Study on the Mechanism of H19/miR-93-5p/STAT3 in Regulating the Expression of Inflammatory Factors and Oxidative Stress in Microglia

Song Huang — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Objective: To investigate the regulatory mechanism of the H19/miR-93-5p/STAT3 pathway on the expression of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in microglia, providing potential therapeutic targets for neuroinflammatory-related diseases. Methods: Twenty patients with chronic subdural hematoma admitted to our hospital from August 2023 to December 2024 were selected as the study subjects. BV2 microglia were extracted from their local inflammatory hyperplastic tissues for experimental analysis. The cells were randomly divided into an LPS-induced group and a normal cell control group, with 10 cases each. The LPS-induced group was further subdivided into an H19 knockdown group (n = 3) constructed by transfecting with an H19 knockdown vector; an miR-93-5p overexpression group (n = 4) formed by transfecting with an miR-93-5p mimic; and further subdivided into an H19 knockdown group (n = 3) and an miR-93-5p overexpression group (n = 4) by transfecting with an miR-93-5p mimic/inhibitor and an H19 knockdown vector. The mRNA levels of H19, miR-93-5p, and inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-a) were detected by RT-qPCR. The expression of STAT3 phosphorylation (p-STAT3), the Nrf2/HO-1 axis, and oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH) were analyzed by Western blot. The binding relationship between STAT3 and the miR-93-5p promoter was verified by dual-luciferase assay. Results: After LPS induction, H19 expression was upregulated, miR-93-5p expression was decreased, and the levels of p-STAT3, inflammatory factors, and MDA were significantly increased (P < 0.01), while the GSH level was decreased (P < 0.05). Knockdown of H19 or overexpression of miR-93-5p could reverse these changes, inhibit p-STAT3, and activate the Nrf2/HO-1 axis, while reducing inflammatory factors and MDA (P < 0.01) and increasing GSH (P < 0.05). Dual-luciferase assay confirmed that STAT3 directly binds to the miR-93-5p promoter. Conclusion: The H19/miR-93-5p/STAT3 pathway affects the release of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in microglia by regulating STAT3 phosphorylation and the Nrf2/HO-1 axis, providing a new strategy for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.

Research on Alzheimer’s Disease Assisted Diagnosis Model Based on Deep Machine Learning for Corpus Cavernosum Segmentation and Plasma Biomarkers

Wenjie Yuan, Xiang Yu — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is key to improving prognosis, but existing methods have limitations. This article reviews the research on AD-assisted diagnosis based on deep learning sponge segmentation and plasma biomarker fusion. Firstly, elucidate the pathological mechanism and clinical characteristics of AD, and clarify the core value of the corpus cavernosum as an imaging biomarker and plasma biomarkers (such as A β and p-tau) as molecular markers. Next, analyze the technical foundation of deep learning in medical image segmentation and summarize its application progress in sponge segmentation. MRI is the main modality, and after preprocessing, models such as U-Net variants can achieve high-precision segmentation (Dice coefficient exceeding 0.85). At the same time, the application of deep learning in plasma biomarker screening, AD diagnosis, and other scenarios was reviewed, and the model AUC can reach 0.85~0.92. Multimodal fusion achieves macroscopic and microscopic pathological complementarity by integrating imaging and plasma data, significantly improving diagnostic efficiency. However, it faces challenges such as data heterogeneity, insufficient sample matching, and poor model interpretability. Finally, it is pointed out that the future needs to focus on the construction of standardized datasets, the development of lightweight fusion models, and clinical translation, in order to provide technical support for accurate diagnosis of AD.

The Impact of Regular Follow-Up Intervention on Secondary Prevention and Long-Term Prognosis in Patients with First-Episode Cerebral Infarction

Ping Zhang — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of regular follow-up intervention in secondary prevention and its impact on the long-term prognosis of patients with first-episode cerebral infarction. Methods: A total of 82 patients with first-episode cerebral infarction were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group received regular follow-up, while the control group received routine follow-up. The adherence to secondary prevention and long-term prognosis was compared between the two groups. Results: The experimental group showed significant differences in indicators such as adherence to secondary prevention and long-term prognosis compared to the control group, with P < 0.05. Conclusion: Implementing regular follow-up intervention for patients with first-episode cerebral infarction can improve their adherence to secondary prevention and enhance their long-term prognosis, demonstrating high follow-up significance.

The Influence of the Staged Nursing Model on the Postoperative Neurological Function and Limb Motor Function of Patients with Cerebral Hemorrhage

Meiyuan Hu — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Objective: To explore the influence of staged nursing on neurological function and limb motor function after cerebral hemorrhage surgery. Methods: From April 2024 to August 2025, 68 patients with cerebral hemorrhage were selected as the research subjects. The patients were evenly divided into two groups by the digital random table method. The control group received routine care, while the observation group received staged care. The nursing effects were compared. Results: The improvement effect of neurological function and limb motor function in the observation group was more obvious than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The quality of life of the observation group was significantly improved compared with that of the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The staged nursing intervention for patients with cerebral infarction can improve their neurological function and limb motor function, and significantly enhance their quality of life.

The Influence of Early Extensor Rehabilitation Therapy on the Functional Recovery of Hemiplegic Upper Limbs During the Recovery Period of Cerebral Infarction

Shanshan Lu, Shunying Lei, Ming Qu, Kai Wang, Xinhui Zhang — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Objective: To explore the effect of early extensor rehabilitation therapy in patients with upper limb hemiplegia during the recovery period of cerebral infarction. Method: A total of 78 patients with upper limb hemiplegia during the recovery period of cerebral infarction were included as the research subjects and all received treatment in our hospital from January 2024 to December 2024. The groups were grouped by double-blind method, with 39 cases in each group. The control group and the observation group received early flexor rehabilitation treatment and early extensor rehabilitation treatment respectively. The upper limb function and self-care ability of the two groups before and after treatment were compared. Result: After the intervention, the upper limb motor function score of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group, P < 0.05; After treatment, the Barthel index of the observation group was significantly increased compared with that before treatment, and there was a significant difference compared with the control group, P < 0.05. Conclusion: The implementation of early extensor rehabilitation therapy for patients in the recovery period of cerebral infarction with hemiplegia of the upper limbs can effectively promote the recovery of upper limb function and improve their self-care ability in life, which is worthy of clinical promotion.

Research Progress on Epidemiological Characteristics, Pathogenesis, and Prevention and Control of Multisystem Complications of Childhood Obesity

Jijing Han, Ying Guo — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Childhood obesity has emerged as a significant global public health issue, with its epidemic trend and the complexity of its pathogenic mechanisms posing formidable challenges to prevention and control efforts. This article systematically reviews the epidemiological characteristics of childhood obesity, focusing on its global and national prevalence status and core risk factors. It delves into the collaborative pathogenic mechanisms involving genetic and epigenetic regulation, intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, and disruptions in the neuro-endocrine-metabolic network. Furthermore, it comprehensively elucidates the clinical features of multisystem complications. Finally, it summarizes research progress in prevention strategies, clinical interventions, and novel technologies, providing references for the standardized prevention and control of childhood obesity.

Exploring the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Manifestations of Hippocampal and Amygdala Structures in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Based on Voxel-Based Morphological Analysis

Xiayi Zhou, Chongyu Hu — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common refractory subtype of epilepsy in clinical practice, with a complex pathogenesis and a lack of precise biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis evaluation, seriously affecting the quality of life of patients. The hippocampus and amygdala, as the core structures of the limbic system, play a key role in the pathogenesis of TLE. Structural abnormalities in both are considered important pathological bases for the initiation, spread, and progression of epileptic discharges. Although conventional magnetic resonance imaging can detect obvious hippocampal sclerosis, it is difficult to capture microstructural changes and has limited ability to identify hidden damage in areas such as the amygdala, leading to misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis in some patients with hidden TLE. Voxel-based morphological analysis (VBM) can accurately quantify the volume and density changes of the whole brain gray and white matter, providing technical support for analyzing the microstructural damage of the hippocampus and amygdala in TLE patients. Previous studies have suggested that the amygdala is not only a “susceptible area” for epileptic discharges, but may also serve as a “relay station” involved in discharge diffusion. Its structural abnormalities are closely related to the frequency and prognosis of TLE attacks. However, the synergistic effect and specific pathological mechanisms of structural changes in the hippocampus and amygdala still need to be further clarified. Therefore, this study used VBM technology to systematically analyze the magnetic resonance imaging manifestations of the hippocampus and amygdala in TLE patients, aiming to reveal their structural abnormalities and provide imaging evidence for the accurate diagnosis, mechanism research, and prognosis evaluation of TLE.

Analysis of the Effect Differences Between Neuroendoscopic Hematoma Evacuation and Minimally Invasive Drilling and Drainage in the Treatment of Patients with Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Objective: To compare and analyze the clinical effects of neuroendoscopic hematoma evacuation (ES) and minimally invasive drilling and drainage (MIDD) in the treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, as well as their impacts on neurological function and serological indicators. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 77 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage admitted to Gaoyou People’s Hospital and Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital from January 2020 to December 2024. These patients were grouped according to their treatment methods, with 36 receiving MIDD (control group) and 41 receiving ES (experimental group). Perioperative indicators, neurological function before surgery and at 1 and 3 months postoperatively, and the incidence of complications during hospitalization and follow-up were compared between the two groups. Results: The experimental group had a longer operative time, greater intraoperative blood loss, a higher hematoma evacuation rate, and a shorter drainage tube placement time compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Compared to preoperative values, the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of both groups continued to increase at 1 to 3 months postoperatively, with the experimental group showing higher scores; the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores of both groups continued to decrease, with the experimental group showing lower scores (P < 0.05). During hospitalization and follow-up, the overall incidence of complications was lower in the experimental group compared to the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Endoscopic surgery (ES) for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) can more thoroughly evacuate hematomas, improve neurological function, and shorten postoperative recovery time. Although it has drawbacks such as prolonged operative time and increased blood loss, its overall safety remains acceptable.

The Impact of Different Rehabilitation Training Modes on VHI Scores and MPT in Patients with Post- Stroke Dysphonia: A Case Study of Visual Glottal Closure Training

Caihong Song, Fouyan Wang, Xianglin Cheng — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Objective: To systematically evaluate the effects of visual glottal closure training guided by swallowing electronic laryngoscopy and conventional voice training on the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) scores and Maximum Phonation Time (MPT) in patients with post-stroke dysphonia (PSD), providing evidence-based support for precise rehabilitation in such patients. Methods: A randomized controlled trial design was employed, selecting patients with post-stroke dysphonia who met the inclusion criteria as the study subjects. Patients were randomly divided into an experimental group (receiving visual glottal closure training) and a control group (receiving conventional voice training), with 32 cases in each group. Both groups underwent training for 8 weeks, twice a week, with each session lasting 30 minutes. The VHI scale was used to assess the subjective degree of voice impairment, and MPT was measured to evaluate vocal efficiency at four time points: baseline (T0), mid-treatment (T1, 4 weeks), end of treatment (T2, 8 weeks), and follow-up 3 months after treatment (T3). Statistical analysis was performed on the data. Results: A total of 64 patients were included, with 58 completing the study (29 in the experimental group and 29 in the control group), resulting in a dropout rate of 9.38%. There were no statistically significant differences in VHI scores and MPT between the two groups at baseline (T0) (P > 0.05). During the mid-treatment phase (T1), at the end of treatment (T2), and during the follow-up period (T3), the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) scores of patients in both groups significantly decreased compared to the baseline period (P < 0.05), and the Maximum Phonation Time (MPT) significantly increased compared to the baseline period (P < 0.05). Moreover, the VHI scores of the experimental group at each time point (T1: 42.35 points vs. 56.82 points, T2: 28.16 points vs. 45.73 points, T3: 25.48 points vs. 41.95 points) were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05), and the MPT (T1: 12.68s vs. 9.35s, T2: 16.82s vs. 11.57s, T3: 15.96s vs. 10.83s) was significantly longer than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Both visual glottal closure training guided by swallowing electronic laryngoscopy and conventional voice training can improve the subjective voice impairment and vocal efficiency of patients with post-stroke dysphonia. However, visual glottal closure training demonstrates superior efficacy and sustained therapeutic effects, making it a preferred rehabilitation option for patients with post-stroke dysphonia.