Keywords
Osteoporosis
Screening
Diagnosis
Treatment
Submitted : 2024-08-11
Accepted : 2024-08-26
Published : 2024-09-10
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a common extrahepatic manifestation of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), with a high incidence rate and damage, which seriously affects patients’ long-term prognosis. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for improving the prognosis of PBC patients. This article reviews the OP screening methods, treatment indications, and clinical treatment for PBC patients based on relevant domestic and foreign literature.
References
Keith DL, Christopher LB, James B, et al., 2022, Primary Biliary Cholangitis: 2021 Practice Guidance Update from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology, 75(4): 1012–1013.
Trivedi HD, Danford CJ, Goyes D, et al., 2020, Osteoporosis in Primary Biliary Cholangitis: Prevalence, Impact and Management Challenges. Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology, 13(1): 17–24.
Glass LM, Su GL, 2016, Metabolic Bone Disease in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 45(2): 333–343.
Lv T, Chen S, Li M, et al., 2021, Regional Variation and Temporal Trend of Primary Biliary Cholangitis Epidemiology: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 36(6): 1423–1434.
Liao CY, Chung CH, Chu PL, et al., 2018, Increased Risk of Osteoporosis in Patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. PLoS ONE, 13(3): 1–19.
Fan JY, Wang Q, Sun LY, et al., 2017, Association Between Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Osteoporosis: Meta-Analysis. Clinical Rheumatology, 36(11): 2565–2571.
Seki A, Ikeda F, Miyatake H, et al., 2017, Risk of Secondary Osteoporosis Due to Lobular Cholestasis in Non-Cirrhotic Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Australia), 32(9): 1611–1616.
Saeki C, Oikawa T, Kanai T, et al., 2021, Relationship Between Osteoporosis, Sarcopenia, Vertebral Fracture, and Osteosarcopenia in Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 33(5): 731–737.
International Osteoporosis Foundation, 2019, IOF One-Minute Osteoporosis Risk Test. Osteoporos Int, 30(11): 2195–2203.
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Harvey NC, et al., 2018, A Brief History of FRAX. Arch Osteoporos, 13(1): 118.
Zhang JF, Zhou RL, Luo XH, et al., 2022, Routine Chest CT Combined with the Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asians (OSTA): A Screening Tool for Patients with Osteoporosis. Skeletal Radiology, 52(6): 1169–1178.
Chandrana M, Chinb YA, Choob KS, et al., 2020, Comparison of the Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asians and the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool—FRAX to Identify Densitometric Defined Osteoporosis: A Discriminatory Value Analysis in a Multi-Ethnic Female Population in Southeast Asia. Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia, 6(2): 53–58.
Wu SJ, Wang PB, Guo XF, et al., 2020, The Associations Between Different Sleep Patterns and Osteoporosis Based on the Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asians. Archives of Osteoporosis, 15(1): 164.
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al., 2008, FRAX and the Assessment of Fracture Probability in Men and Women from the UK. Osteoporos Int, 19(4): 385–397.
Patel J, 2020, Economic Implications of Osteoporotic Fractures in Postmenopausal Women. Am J Manag Care, 26(15 Suppl): S311–S318.
McCloskey EV, Harvey NC, Johansson H, et al., 2022, Fracture Risk Assessment by the FRAX Model. Climacteric: The Journal of the International Menopause Society, 25(1): 22–28.
Kanis JA, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, et al., 2019, Executive Summary of European Guidance for the Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(1): 15–17.
Abdalbary M, Sobh M, Abdelsalam M, et al., 2022, Impact of Liver Cirrhosis on Bone Metabolism Scopus. Digestive Disease Interventions, 6(2): 137–147.
Chilev D, V’Lchanov V, Toshkov A, 2023, Analysis of Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Primary Sjogren’s Syndrome and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. Chinese Journal of Osteoporosis, 29(2): 204–208.
European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), 2019, Clinical Practice Guidelines on Nutrition in Chronic Liver Disease. J Hepatol, 70(1): 172–193.
Xu XM, Li N, Li K, et al., 2019, Discordance in Diagnosis of Osteoporosis by Quantitative Computed Tomography and Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Chinese Elderly Men. J Orthop Translat, 18(1): 59–64.
Cheng X, Wang L, Wang Q, et al., 2014, Validation of Quantitative Computed Tomography-Derived Areal Bone Mineral Density with Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in an Elderly Chinese Population. Chin Med J (Engl), 127(8): 1445–1449.
Gao C, Song HJ, Chen BH, et al., 2021, The Assessment of the Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asians and Calcaneal Quantitative Ultrasound in Identifying Osteoporotic Fractures and Falls among Chinese People. Frontiers in Endocrinology, (12): 684334.
Cheng XG, Zhao KP, Zha XJ, et al., 2021, Opportunistic Screening Using Low-Dose CT and the Prevalence of Osteoporosis in China: A Nationwide, Multicenter Study. J Bone Miner Res, 36(3): 427–435.
Jones A, Goh M, Milat F, et al., 2021, Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Reports Fail to Adhere to International Guidelines. Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 24(3): 453–459.
Pars A, Guaabens N, 2018, Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Bone Disease. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology, (34–35): 63–70.
Chew YJ, Hutchinson J, 2021, Retrospective Analysis of Bone Protection Care in Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) in a District General Hospital. Gut, 70(Suppl 3): A24.
Pugliese N, Arcari I, Aghemo A, et al., 2022, Osteosarcopenia in Autoimmune Cholestatic Liver Diseases: Causes, Management, and Challenges. World J Gastroenterol, 28(14): 1430–1443.
Ralston SH, Binkley N, Boonen S, et al., 2011, Randomized Trial of Alendronate Plus Vitamin D3 Versus Standard Care in Osteoporotic Postmenopausal Women with Vitamin D Insufficiency. Calcif Tissue Int, (88): 485–494.
Voulgaridou G, Papadopoulou SK, Detopoulou P, 2023, Vitamin D and Calcium in Osteoporosis, and the Role of Bone Turnover Markers: A Narrative Review of Recent Data from RCTs. Diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 11(1): 29.
Lindor KD, Bowlus CL, Boyer J, et al., 2019, Primary Biliary Cholangitis: 2018 Practice Guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology, 69(1): 394–419.
Bansal RK, Kumar M, Sachdeva PRM, et al., 2016, Prospective Study of Profile of Hepatic Osteodystrophy in Patients with Non-Cholestatic Liver Cirrhosis and Impact of Bisphosphonate Supplementation. United European Gastroenterology Journal, 4(1): 77–83.
Danford CJ, Ezaz G, Trivedi HD, et al., 2020, The Pharmacologic Management of Osteoporosis in Primary Biliary Cholangitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 23(2): 223–236.
Danford CJ, Trivedi HD, Papamichael K, et al., 2018, Osteoporosis in Primary Biliary Cholangitis. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 24(31): 3513–3520.
European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), 2017, Clinical Practice Guidelines: The Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis. J Hepatol, 67(1): 145–172.
Lima TB, Santos LAA, Nunes HRC, et al., 2019, Safety and Efficacy of Risedronate for Patients with Esophageal Varices and Liver Cirrhosis: A Non-Randomized Clinical Trial. Sci Rep, 9(1): 18958.
Guanabens N, Monegal A, Cerda D, et al., 2013, Randomized Trial Comparing Monthly Ibandronate and Weekly Alendronate for Osteoporosis in Patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. Hepatology, 58(6): 2070–2078.
Ikejima K, Yaginuma R, Kon K, et al., 2016, Efficacy of Denosumab on Progression of Osteoporosis in Autoimmune Liver Diseases. Hepatology, 64(1): 201A.
Saeki C, Saito M, Oikawa T, et al., 2020, Effects of Denosumab Treatment in Chronic Liver Disease Patients with Osteoporosis. World J Gastroenterol, 26(33): 4960–4971.
Arase Y, Tsuruya K, Anzai K, et al., 2019, Efficacy and Safety of 3-Year Denosumab Therapy for Osteoporosis in Patients with Autoimmune Liver Diseases. Hepatology, 70(Suppl 1): 865A–866A.
Chang CC, Lee WS, Chuang CL, et al., 2017, Effects of Raloxifene on Portal Hypertension and Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhotic Rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 802(1): 36–43.
Anagnostis P, Efstathiadou Z, Akriviadis E, et al., 2012, De Novo Autoimmune Hepatitis Associated with PTH(1-34) and PTH(1-84) Administration for Severe Osteoporosis in a Liver Transplant Patient. Endocrine Abstracts, 29(2): 113–119.